l
The widespread presence of these wonderful organisms shows
that their lineages occurred when all land areas were connected
as the Pangaea supercontinent [9].
l
The symbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus are phylogenetically close [7, 10–12] and form tight sister groups.
l
A common ancestor of these bacteria dates back to around
200–500 million years ago and is associated with both Steinernema and Heterorhabditis nematode hosts [13].
l
In 1917: Dr. Krausse in Germany collected the first EPN species.
l
1923: Steiner described the first entomopathogenic nematode
Aplectana kraussei (now Steinernema kraussei).
l
1929: Steiner identified the second entomopathogenic nematode Neoaplectana glaseri from material isolated by Glaser and
Fox [14].
l
1955: Jaroslav Weiser [15] described Neoaplectana carpocapsae.
l
1955: Dutky and Hough [16] isolated the DD-136 strain of an
undescribed steinernematid.
l
1955: Steinernema carpocapsae was obtained from Weiser.
l
1965: Poinar and Thomas described the symbiotic bacterium,
Achromobacter nematophilus associated with S. carpocapsae.
l
1966, 1967: Poinar Jr and Thomas [17] explained the role of
the bacterium in the growth of the nematode and the host’s
death.
l
1967: Poinar showed that the North American DD-136 nematode and the Czechoslovakian strain of S. carpocapsae were of
same species.
l
1979: Thomas and Poinar later transferred the bacterium to a
new genus, Xenorhabdus.
l
1937: Pereira [18] described the first species of heterorhabditid
to be Rhabditis hambletoni, which is currently regarded as a
species inquirenda.
l
1976: However, Heterorhabditis was first definitively described
by Poinar.
l
1979: Thomas and Poinar characterized the symbiotic bacterium of H. bacteriophora as Xenorhabdus luminescence.
l
1993: Boemare later transferred this bacterial species to the
genus Photorhabdus.
l
2011: Proheterorhabditis burmanicus, an old fossil that is
100 million years old, was found in early Cretaceous Burmese
amber, and the ancient age of the clade of Heterorhabditis was
calculated [19].
8
Historical Aspects
The widespread presence of these wonderful organisms shows
that their lineages occurred when all land areas were connected
as the Pangaea supercontinent [9].
l
The symbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus are phylogenetically close [7, 10–12] and form tight sister groups.
l
A common ancestor of these bacteria dates back to around
200–500 million years ago and is associated with both Steinernema and Heterorhabditis nematode hosts [13].
l
In 1917: Dr. Krausse in Germany collected the first EPN species.
l
1923: Steiner described the first entomopathogenic nematode
Aplectana kraussei (now Steinernema kraussei).
l
1929: Steiner identified the second entomopathogenic nematode Neoaplectana glaseri from material isolated by Glaser and
Fox [14].
l
1955: Jaroslav Weiser [15] described Neoaplectana carpocapsae.
l
1955: Dutky and Hough [16] isolated the DD-136 strain of an
undescribed steinernematid.
l
1955: Steinernema carpocapsae was obtained from Weiser.
l
1965: Poinar and Thomas described the symbiotic bacterium,
Achromobacter nematophilus associated with S. carpocapsae.
l
1966, 1967: Poinar Jr and Thomas [17] explained the role of
the bacterium in the growth of the nematode and the host’s
death.
l
1967: Poinar showed that the North American DD-136 nematode and the Czechoslovakian strain of S. carpocapsae were of
same species.
l
1979: Thomas and Poinar later transferred the bacterium to a
new genus, Xenorhabdus.
l
1937: Pereira [18] described the first species of heterorhabditid
to be Rhabditis hambletoni, which is currently regarded as a
species inquirenda.
l
1976: However, Heterorhabditis was first definitively described
by Poinar.
l
1979: Thomas and Poinar characterized the symbiotic bacterium of H. bacteriophora as Xenorhabdus luminescence.
l
1993: Boemare later transferred this bacterial species to the
genus Photorhabdus.
l
2011: Proheterorhabditis burmanicus, an old fossil that is
100 million years old, was found in early Cretaceous Burmese
amber, and the ancient age of the clade of Heterorhabditis was
calculated [19].
8
Historical Aspects