xiii
5.2.3 Irrigation Water Savings Techniques for Onion . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.2.4 Water Productivity of Onion Under the Studied
Production Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.3 Winter Tomato Production and Deficit Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.3.1 Effect of Water Stress on Winter Tomato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.3.2 Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Winter Tomato . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.3.3 Irrigation Water Saving Techniques for Winter Tomato . . . 97
5.3.4 Water Productivity of Winter Tomato Under the Studied
Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6 Wheat Insufficiency and Deficit Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Abd El-Hafeez Zohry and Samiha Ouda
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.2 Wheat Production and Deficit Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.2.1 Effect of Water Stress on Wheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.2.2 Effect of Deficit Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.2.3 Irrigation Water Savings Techniques for Wheat . . . . . . . . . 114
6.3 Population, Wheat Consumption and Wheat
Production- Consumption Gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
6.3.1 Cultivation on Raised Beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6.3.2 Application of Deficit Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6.3.3 Wheat Intercropping with Other Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
6.3.4 Saved Irrigation Water from Other Winter Crops
and Wheat Self-Sufficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
6.4 Wheat Production-Consumption Gap Using Saved Water
from Other Winter Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
6.5 Wheat Water Productivity Under the Studied Production
Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
6.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
7 Climate Change Assessment in Egypt: A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Samiha Ouda and Abd El-Hafeez Zohry
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
7.2 Climate Change and Water Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
7.3 Projection of Climate Change Impacts on Crops Production . . . . . 142
7.3.1 Using IPCC Report (1990). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
7.3.2 Using IPCC Report (2001). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
7.3.3 Using IPCC Report (2013). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
7.4 Climate Change and Evapotranspiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
7.5 Effect of Climate Change on Seasonal Crop Coefficients . . . . . . . . 148
7.6 Effect of Climate Change on Water Consumptive Use/Water
Requirements of Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
7.7 Climate Change and Cultivated Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Contents