Keenan CR, Sedlak DL (2008) Ligand-enhanced reactive oxidant generation by nanoparticulate
zero-valent iron and oxygen. Environ Sci Technol 42(18):6936–6941. https://doi.org/10.1021/
es801438f
Keum Y-S, Li QX (2004) Reduction of nitroaromatic pesticides with zero-valent iron.
Chemosphere 54(3):255–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.08.003
Kharisov BI, Rasika Dias HV, Kharissova OV, Jiménez-Pérez VM, Olvera Pérez B, Muñoz Flores
B (2012) Iron-containing nanomaterials: synthesis, properties, and environmental applications.
RSC Adv 2(25):9325–9358. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2RA20812A
Kim H, Hong H-J, Lee Y-J, Shin H-J, Yang J-W (2008) Degradation of trichloroethylene by zerovalent iron immobilized in cationic exchange membrane. Desalination 223(1–3):212–220.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.03.015
Kim H-J, Phenrat T, Tilton RD, Lowry GV (2009) Fe
0 nanoparticles remain mobile in porous media
after aging due to slow desorption of polymeric surface modifiers. Environ Sci Technol 43
(10):3824–3830. https://doi.org/10.1021/es802978s
Kim H, Hong H-J, Jung J, Kim S-H, Yang J-W (2010) Degradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) by
nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) immobilized in alginate bead. J Hazard Mater 176
(1–3):1038–1043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.145
Kocur CM, Chowdhury AI, Sakulchaicharoen N, Boparai HK, Weber KP, Sharma P, Krol MM,
Austrins L, Peace C, Sleep BE, O’Carroll DM (2014) Characterization of nZVI mobility in a
field scale test. Environ Sci Technol 48(5):2862–2869. https://doi.org/10.1021/es4044209
Kocur CMD, Lomheim L, Boparai HK, Chowdhury AIA, Weber KP, Austrins LM, Edwards EA,
Sleep BE, O’Carroll DM (2015) Contributions of abiotic and biotic dechlorination following
carboxymethyl cellulose stabilized nanoscale zero valent iron injection. Environ Sci Technol 49
(14):8648–8656. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00719
Krajangpan S, Kalita H, Chisholm BJ, Bezbaruah AN (2012) Iron nanoparticles coated with
amphiphilic polysiloxane graft copolymers: dispersibility and contaminant treatability. Environ
Sci Technol 46(18):10130–10136. https://doi.org/10.1021/es3000239
Lee Y-C, Kwon T-S, Yang J-S, Yang J-W (2007) Remediation of groundwater contaminated with
DNAPLs by biodegradable oil emulsion. J Hazard Mater 140(1–2):340–345. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.jhazmat.2006.09.036
Li T, Farrell J (2001) Electrochemical investigation of the rate-limiting mechanisms for trichloroethylene and carbon tetrachloride reduction at iron surfaces. Environ Sci Technol 35
(17):3560–3565. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0019878
Li X-Q, Elliott DW, Zhang W-X (2006) Zero-valent iron nanoparticles for abatement of environmental pollutants: materials and engineering aspects. Crit Rev Solid State Mater Sci 31
(4):111–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408430601057611
Li J, Li H, Zhu Y, Hao Y, Sun X, Wang L (2011) Dual roles of amphiphilic triblock copolymer
P123 in synthesis of α-Fe nanoparticle/ordered mesoporous silica composites. Appl Surf Sci 258
(2):657–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.07.037
Li XN, Jiao WT, Xiao RB, Chen WP, Chang AC (2015) Soil pollution and site remediation policies
in China: a review. Environ Rev 23(3):263–274. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2014-0073
Li S, Wang W, Liang F, W-x Z (2017) Heavy metal removal using nanoscale zero-valent iron
(nZVI): theory and application. J Hazard Mater 322:163–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.
2016.01.032
Lien H-L, Zhang W-X (1999) Transformation of chlorinated methanes by nanoscale iron particles. J
Environ Eng 125(11):1042–1047. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:11
(1042)
Ling X, Li J, Zhu W, Zhu Y, Sun X, Shen J, Han W, Wang L (2012) Synthesis of nanoscale zerovalent iron/ordered mesoporous carbon for adsorption and synergistic reduction of nitrobenzene. Chemosphere 87(6):655–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.02.002
Ling L, Huang X, Li M, Zhang W (2017) Mapping the reactions in a single zero-valent Iron
nanoparticle. Environ Sci Technol 51(24):14293–14300. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.
7b02233
2 Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron Particles for Water Treatment: From Basic. . .
47
zero-valent iron and oxygen. Environ Sci Technol 42(18):6936–6941. https://doi.org/10.1021/
es801438f
Keum Y-S, Li QX (2004) Reduction of nitroaromatic pesticides with zero-valent iron.
Chemosphere 54(3):255–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.08.003
Kharisov BI, Rasika Dias HV, Kharissova OV, Jiménez-Pérez VM, Olvera Pérez B, Muñoz Flores
B (2012) Iron-containing nanomaterials: synthesis, properties, and environmental applications.
RSC Adv 2(25):9325–9358. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2RA20812A
Kim H, Hong H-J, Lee Y-J, Shin H-J, Yang J-W (2008) Degradation of trichloroethylene by zerovalent iron immobilized in cationic exchange membrane. Desalination 223(1–3):212–220.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.03.015
Kim H-J, Phenrat T, Tilton RD, Lowry GV (2009) Fe
0 nanoparticles remain mobile in porous media
after aging due to slow desorption of polymeric surface modifiers. Environ Sci Technol 43
(10):3824–3830. https://doi.org/10.1021/es802978s
Kim H, Hong H-J, Jung J, Kim S-H, Yang J-W (2010) Degradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) by
nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) immobilized in alginate bead. J Hazard Mater 176
(1–3):1038–1043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.11.145
Kocur CM, Chowdhury AI, Sakulchaicharoen N, Boparai HK, Weber KP, Sharma P, Krol MM,
Austrins L, Peace C, Sleep BE, O’Carroll DM (2014) Characterization of nZVI mobility in a
field scale test. Environ Sci Technol 48(5):2862–2869. https://doi.org/10.1021/es4044209
Kocur CMD, Lomheim L, Boparai HK, Chowdhury AIA, Weber KP, Austrins LM, Edwards EA,
Sleep BE, O’Carroll DM (2015) Contributions of abiotic and biotic dechlorination following
carboxymethyl cellulose stabilized nanoscale zero valent iron injection. Environ Sci Technol 49
(14):8648–8656. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00719
Krajangpan S, Kalita H, Chisholm BJ, Bezbaruah AN (2012) Iron nanoparticles coated with
amphiphilic polysiloxane graft copolymers: dispersibility and contaminant treatability. Environ
Sci Technol 46(18):10130–10136. https://doi.org/10.1021/es3000239
Lee Y-C, Kwon T-S, Yang J-S, Yang J-W (2007) Remediation of groundwater contaminated with
DNAPLs by biodegradable oil emulsion. J Hazard Mater 140(1–2):340–345. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.jhazmat.2006.09.036
Li T, Farrell J (2001) Electrochemical investigation of the rate-limiting mechanisms for trichloroethylene and carbon tetrachloride reduction at iron surfaces. Environ Sci Technol 35
(17):3560–3565. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0019878
Li X-Q, Elliott DW, Zhang W-X (2006) Zero-valent iron nanoparticles for abatement of environmental pollutants: materials and engineering aspects. Crit Rev Solid State Mater Sci 31
(4):111–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408430601057611
Li J, Li H, Zhu Y, Hao Y, Sun X, Wang L (2011) Dual roles of amphiphilic triblock copolymer
P123 in synthesis of α-Fe nanoparticle/ordered mesoporous silica composites. Appl Surf Sci 258
(2):657–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.07.037
Li XN, Jiao WT, Xiao RB, Chen WP, Chang AC (2015) Soil pollution and site remediation policies
in China: a review. Environ Rev 23(3):263–274. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2014-0073
Li S, Wang W, Liang F, W-x Z (2017) Heavy metal removal using nanoscale zero-valent iron
(nZVI): theory and application. J Hazard Mater 322:163–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.
2016.01.032
Lien H-L, Zhang W-X (1999) Transformation of chlorinated methanes by nanoscale iron particles. J
Environ Eng 125(11):1042–1047. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:11
(1042)
Ling X, Li J, Zhu W, Zhu Y, Sun X, Shen J, Han W, Wang L (2012) Synthesis of nanoscale zerovalent iron/ordered mesoporous carbon for adsorption and synergistic reduction of nitrobenzene. Chemosphere 87(6):655–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.02.002
Ling L, Huang X, Li M, Zhang W (2017) Mapping the reactions in a single zero-valent Iron
nanoparticle. Environ Sci Technol 51(24):14293–14300. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.
7b02233
2 Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron Particles for Water Treatment: From Basic. . .
47