15. The skin excision site also may be closed using subcuticular
stitches followed by liquid skin adhesive.
16. The principal investigator is responsible for ensuring that postprocedural care is provided as described in the approved animal
use protocol. This plan should be developed in consultation
with the veterinary staff.
17. Volume may be lost during implantation and incubation.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by funding provided by the National
Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases (R01 AI029735, R21 AI39940, R21 AI126146, and R21
AI28379).
References
1. Ko AI, Goarant C, Picardeau M (2009) Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics era
for an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Nat Rev
Microbiol 7(10):736–747. https://doi.org/
10.1038/nrmicro2208
2. McBride AJ, Athanazio DA, Reis MG, Ko AI
(2005) Leptospirosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 18
(5):376–386
3. Adler B, de la Pena MA (2010) Leptospira and
leptospirosis.
Vet
Microbiol
140
(3-4):287–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
vetmic.2009.03.012
4. Athanazio DA, Silva EF, Santos CS, Rocha
GM, Vannier-Santos MA, McBride AJ, Ko AI,
Reis MG (2008) Rattus norvegicus as a model
for persistent renal colonization by pathogenic
Leptospira interrogans. Acta Trop 105
(2):176–180
5. Bonilla-Santiago R, Nally JE (2011) Rat model
of chronic leptospirosis. Curr Protoc Microbiol
. Chapter 12:Unit 12E 13. https://doi.org/
10.1002/9780471729259.mc12e03s20
6. Marshall RB (1976) The route of entry of leptospires into the kidney tubule. J Med Microbiol
9(2):149–152.
https://doi.org/10.
1099/00222615-9-2-149
7. Taal MW, Chertow GM, Marsden PA,
Skorecki K, UYu ASL, Brenner BM (2012)
Brenner and Rector’s the kidney, 9th edn. Elsevier Mosby Saunders, Philadelphia
8. Villanueva SY, Saito M, Tsutsumi Y, Segawa T,
Baterna RA, Chakraborty A, Asoh T,
Miyahara S, Yanagihara Y, Cavinta LL, Gloriani
NG, Yoshida S (2014) High virulence in hamsters of four dominant Leptospira serovars
isolated from rats in the Philippines. Microbiology 160(Pt 2):418–428. https://doi.org/
10.1099/mic.0.072439-0
9. Monahan AM, Callanan JJ, Nally JE (2009)
Review paper: host-pathogen interactions in
the kidney during chronic leptospirosis. Vet
Pathol 46(5):792–799. https://doi.org/10.
1354/vp.08-VP-0265-N-REV
10. Haake DA, Levett PN (2015) Leptospirosis in
humans. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol
387:65–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3662-45059-8_5
11. Fraga TR, Barbosa AS, Isaac L (2011) Leptospirosis: aspects of innate immunity, immunopathogenesis and immune evasion from the
complement system. Scand J Immunol 73
(5):408–419.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.
1365-3083.2010.02505.x
12. Zuerner RL (2015) Host response to Leptospira infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol
387:223–250.
https://doi.org/10.1007/
978-3-662-45059-8_9
13. Caimano MJ, Sivasankaran SK, Allard A,
Hurley D, Hokamp K, Grassmann AA, Hinton
JC, Nally JE (2014) A model system for studying the transcriptomic and physiological
changes associated with mammalian hostadaptation by Leptospira interrogans serovar
Copenhageni. PLoS Pathog 10(3):e1004004.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.
1004004
14. Artiushin S, Timoney JF, Nally J, Verma A
(2004)
Host-inducible
immunogenic
sphingomyelinase-like protein, Lk73.5, of
Cultivation of Leptospira interrogans within DMCs
241
stitches followed by liquid skin adhesive.
16. The principal investigator is responsible for ensuring that postprocedural care is provided as described in the approved animal
use protocol. This plan should be developed in consultation
with the veterinary staff.
17. Volume may be lost during implantation and incubation.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by funding provided by the National
Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases (R01 AI029735, R21 AI39940, R21 AI126146, and R21
AI28379).
References
1. Ko AI, Goarant C, Picardeau M (2009) Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics era
for an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Nat Rev
Microbiol 7(10):736–747. https://doi.org/
10.1038/nrmicro2208
2. McBride AJ, Athanazio DA, Reis MG, Ko AI
(2005) Leptospirosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 18
(5):376–386
3. Adler B, de la Pena MA (2010) Leptospira and
leptospirosis.
Vet
Microbiol
140
(3-4):287–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
vetmic.2009.03.012
4. Athanazio DA, Silva EF, Santos CS, Rocha
GM, Vannier-Santos MA, McBride AJ, Ko AI,
Reis MG (2008) Rattus norvegicus as a model
for persistent renal colonization by pathogenic
Leptospira interrogans. Acta Trop 105
(2):176–180
5. Bonilla-Santiago R, Nally JE (2011) Rat model
of chronic leptospirosis. Curr Protoc Microbiol
. Chapter 12:Unit 12E 13. https://doi.org/
10.1002/9780471729259.mc12e03s20
6. Marshall RB (1976) The route of entry of leptospires into the kidney tubule. J Med Microbiol
9(2):149–152.
https://doi.org/10.
1099/00222615-9-2-149
7. Taal MW, Chertow GM, Marsden PA,
Skorecki K, UYu ASL, Brenner BM (2012)
Brenner and Rector’s the kidney, 9th edn. Elsevier Mosby Saunders, Philadelphia
8. Villanueva SY, Saito M, Tsutsumi Y, Segawa T,
Baterna RA, Chakraborty A, Asoh T,
Miyahara S, Yanagihara Y, Cavinta LL, Gloriani
NG, Yoshida S (2014) High virulence in hamsters of four dominant Leptospira serovars
isolated from rats in the Philippines. Microbiology 160(Pt 2):418–428. https://doi.org/
10.1099/mic.0.072439-0
9. Monahan AM, Callanan JJ, Nally JE (2009)
Review paper: host-pathogen interactions in
the kidney during chronic leptospirosis. Vet
Pathol 46(5):792–799. https://doi.org/10.
1354/vp.08-VP-0265-N-REV
10. Haake DA, Levett PN (2015) Leptospirosis in
humans. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol
387:65–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3662-45059-8_5
11. Fraga TR, Barbosa AS, Isaac L (2011) Leptospirosis: aspects of innate immunity, immunopathogenesis and immune evasion from the
complement system. Scand J Immunol 73
(5):408–419.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.
1365-3083.2010.02505.x
12. Zuerner RL (2015) Host response to Leptospira infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol
387:223–250.
https://doi.org/10.1007/
978-3-662-45059-8_9
13. Caimano MJ, Sivasankaran SK, Allard A,
Hurley D, Hokamp K, Grassmann AA, Hinton
JC, Nally JE (2014) A model system for studying the transcriptomic and physiological
changes associated with mammalian hostadaptation by Leptospira interrogans serovar
Copenhageni. PLoS Pathog 10(3):e1004004.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.
1004004
14. Artiushin S, Timoney JF, Nally J, Verma A
(2004)
Host-inducible
immunogenic
sphingomyelinase-like protein, Lk73.5, of
Cultivation of Leptospira interrogans within DMCs
241