Index
351
Marmarou’s equation, 198
Mass scaling, 248
Mass-spring method, 243–244
Mathematical modelling, 3
MATLAB, 173
Maximum intensity projection (MIP)
technique, 329, 330
Maximum principal strain (MPS), 102
Mechanical anisotropy, 87
Mechanical coupling, 330–331
Memory hemispheric lateralisation, 57–58
Meshless algorithms
computational biomechanics
adaptive integration scheme, 282–283
for computing soft tissue deformations,
275–282
explicit dynamics, stability of, 287–289
shape functions, 275–279
spatial integration schemes, 279–282
verification, 289–296
visibility criterion for modelling of
surgical dissection and soft tissue
rupture, 284–287
Meshless discretisation, 273, 274
Meshless Total Lagrangian Explicit Dynamics
(MTLED), 140, 274–283
adaptive integration scheme, 281–283
computation of soft tissue deformation,
287–289
shape functions, 275–279
spatial integration schemes, 279–282
verification, 289–293
visibility criterion for modelling of surgical
dissection and soft tissue rupture,
284–287
Micro-PET scanners, 53
Middle cerebral artery (MCA), 23–24, 29
Modified Moving Least Square (MMLS) shape
function, 278, 279
Molecular brain imaging techniques, 52–54
Mooney-Rivlin model, 85
Moving Least Square (MMLS) shape function,
278, 279, 290–292, 294
MR-guided therapy open magnet system, 307
MRI, see Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
MTLED, See Meshless Total Lagrangian
Explicit Dynamics (MTLED)
N
National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration (NHTSA),
102, 243
Navier-Stokes equations, 216
Neo-Hookean constitutive model, 262, 264,
266
Neuroanatomy
connectional
association tracts, 34–35, 38
commissural tracts, 31, 34, 37
projection tracts, 36, 37, 39
white matter connections, 31, 37
structural
brain parcellation, 6–10
cortical areas, 10–12
deep grey nuclei, 12–14
functional areas, 16, 22, 24–25
planar, 16–20
stereotactic target, 16, 21–23
ventricular system, 15
vascular
arterial system, 22–24, 26–31
vascular variants, 30–31, 36
venous system, 25–26, 28, 32–38
Neuronavigation, 322
brain deformation, 304
with brain shift, 307–309
in epilepsy, 166–167
Neurosurgery, 326
algorithms for, 251–257
dynamic relaxation algorithm, 252–257
hourglassing, 258
volumetric locking, 257
Newtonian fluid, 216
Newton-Raphson method, 333
Nitrogen-13 (N-13), 52
Nodal displacements, 246, 247
Nodal integration, 280
Noncommunicating hydrocephalus, 200–201
Non-linear finite element algorithm, 244–247
Nonlinear viscoelastic properties, of brain
tissue
constant loading rate, 80
oscillatory response, 78–79
relaxation, 79
rheological studies, 80–81
Nonshunted patients, CSF dynamics in, 208,
210
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), 182
CSF dynamics in, 200–201
Nyquist-Shannon sampling criterion, 222
O
Obstructive hydrocephalus, 201
Occipital lobe, 10, 11
Ogden model, 85
Open Computing Language (OpenCL), 259
351
Marmarou’s equation, 198
Mass scaling, 248
Mass-spring method, 243–244
Mathematical modelling, 3
MATLAB, 173
Maximum intensity projection (MIP)
technique, 329, 330
Maximum principal strain (MPS), 102
Mechanical anisotropy, 87
Mechanical coupling, 330–331
Memory hemispheric lateralisation, 57–58
Meshless algorithms
computational biomechanics
adaptive integration scheme, 282–283
for computing soft tissue deformations,
275–282
explicit dynamics, stability of, 287–289
shape functions, 275–279
spatial integration schemes, 279–282
verification, 289–296
visibility criterion for modelling of
surgical dissection and soft tissue
rupture, 284–287
Meshless discretisation, 273, 274
Meshless Total Lagrangian Explicit Dynamics
(MTLED), 140, 274–283
adaptive integration scheme, 281–283
computation of soft tissue deformation,
287–289
shape functions, 275–279
spatial integration schemes, 279–282
verification, 289–293
visibility criterion for modelling of surgical
dissection and soft tissue rupture,
284–287
Micro-PET scanners, 53
Middle cerebral artery (MCA), 23–24, 29
Modified Moving Least Square (MMLS) shape
function, 278, 279
Molecular brain imaging techniques, 52–54
Mooney-Rivlin model, 85
Moving Least Square (MMLS) shape function,
278, 279, 290–292, 294
MR-guided therapy open magnet system, 307
MRI, see Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
MTLED, See Meshless Total Lagrangian
Explicit Dynamics (MTLED)
N
National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration (NHTSA),
102, 243
Navier-Stokes equations, 216
Neo-Hookean constitutive model, 262, 264,
266
Neuroanatomy
connectional
association tracts, 34–35, 38
commissural tracts, 31, 34, 37
projection tracts, 36, 37, 39
white matter connections, 31, 37
structural
brain parcellation, 6–10
cortical areas, 10–12
deep grey nuclei, 12–14
functional areas, 16, 22, 24–25
planar, 16–20
stereotactic target, 16, 21–23
ventricular system, 15
vascular
arterial system, 22–24, 26–31
vascular variants, 30–31, 36
venous system, 25–26, 28, 32–38
Neuronavigation, 322
brain deformation, 304
with brain shift, 307–309
in epilepsy, 166–167
Neurosurgery, 326
algorithms for, 251–257
dynamic relaxation algorithm, 252–257
hourglassing, 258
volumetric locking, 257
Newtonian fluid, 216
Newton-Raphson method, 333
Nitrogen-13 (N-13), 52
Nodal displacements, 246, 247
Nodal integration, 280
Noncommunicating hydrocephalus, 200–201
Non-linear finite element algorithm, 244–247
Nonlinear viscoelastic properties, of brain
tissue
constant loading rate, 80
oscillatory response, 78–79
relaxation, 79
rheological studies, 80–81
Nonshunted patients, CSF dynamics in, 208,
210
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), 182
CSF dynamics in, 200–201
Nyquist-Shannon sampling criterion, 222
O
Obstructive hydrocephalus, 201
Occipital lobe, 10, 11
Ogden model, 85
Open Computing Language (OpenCL), 259