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75. Sweetman, B., Linninger, A.A.: Cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics in the central nervous
system. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 39(1), 484–496 (2011)
76. Linninger, A.A., Xenos, M., Zhu, D.C., Somayaji, M.R., Kondapalli, S., Penn, R.D.:
Cerebrospinal fluid flow in the normal and hydrocephalic human brain. IEEE Trans. Biomed.
Eng. 54(2), 291–302 (2007)
77. Sweetman, B., Xenos, M., Zitella, L., Linninger, A.A.: Three-dimensional computational
prediction of cerebrospinal fluid flow in the human brain. Comput. Biol. Med. 41(2), 67–75
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78. Yiallourou, T.I., Kroger, J.R., Stergiopulos, N., Maintz, D., Martin, B.A., Bunck, A.C.:
Comparison of 4D phase-contrast MRI flow measurements to computational fluid dynamics
simulations of cerebrospinal fluid motion in the cervical spine. PLoS One. 7(12), e52284
(2012)
79. Lindstrom, E.K., Schreiner, J., Ringstad, G.A., Haughton, V., Eide, P.K., Mardal, K.A.:
Comparison of phase-contrast MR and flow simulations for the study of CSF dynamics in
the cervical spine. Neuroradiol. J. 31(3), 292–298 (2018)
80. Clarke, E.C., Fletcher, D.F., Stoodley, M.A., Bilston, L.E.: Computational fluid dynamics
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Biomech. 46(11), 1801–1809 (2013)
81. Heidari Pahlavian, S., Bunck, A.C., Loth, F., Shane Tubbs, R., Yiallourou, T., Kroeger, J.R.,
Heindel, W., Martin, B.A.: Characterization of the discrepancies between four-dimensional
phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging and in-silico simulations of cerebrospinal fluid
dynamics. J. Biomech. Eng. 137(5), 051002 (2015)
82. Heidari Pahlavian, S., Bunck, A.C., Thyagaraj, S., Giese, D., Loth, F., Hedderich, D.M.,
Kroger, J.R., Martin, B.A.: Accuracy of 4D flow measurement of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics
in the cervical spine: an in vitro verification against numerical simulation. Ann. Biomed. Eng.
44(11), 3202–3214 (2016)
83. Thyagaraj, S., Pahlavian, S.H., Sass, L.R., Loth, F., Vatani, M., Choi, J.W., Tubbs, R.S., Giese,
D., Kroger, J.R., Bunck, A.C., Martin, B.A.: An MRI-compatible hydrodynamic simulator of
cerebrospinal fluid motion in the cervical spine. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. (2017)
84. Martin, B.A., Yiallourou, T.I., Pahlavian, S.H., Thyagaraj, S., Bunck, A.C., Loth, F., Sheffer,
D.B., Kroger, J.R., Stergiopulos, N.: Inter-operator reliability of magnetic resonance imagebased computational fluid dynamics prediction of cerebrospinal fluid motion in the cervical
spine. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 44(5), 1524–1537 (2016)
85. Bunck, A.C., Kroger, J.R., Juttner, A., Brentrup, A., Fiedler, B., Schaarschmidt, F., Crelier,
G.R., Schwindt, W., Heindel, W., Niederstadt, T., Maintz, D.: Magnetic resonance 4D flow
characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid at the craniocervical junction and the cervical spinal
canal. Eur. Radiol. 21(8), 1788–1796 (2011)
86. Bunck, A.C., Kroeger, J.R., Juettner, A., Brentrup, A., Fiedler, B., Crelier, G.R., Martin, B.A.,
Heindel, W., Maintz, D., Schwindt, W., Niederstadt, T.: Magnetic resonance 4D flow analysis
of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in Chiari I malformation with and without syringomyelia.
Eur. Radiol. 22(9), 1860–1870 (2012)
87. Khani, M., Xing, T., Gibbs, C., Oshinski, J.N., Stewart, G.R., Zeller, J.R., Martin, B.A.:
Nonuniform moving boundary method for computational fluid dynamics simulation of
intrathecal cerebrospinal flow distribution in a cynomolgus monkey. J. Biomech. Eng. 139(8),
(2017)
88. Gardner, W.J.: Hydrodynamic mechanism of Syringomyelia: its relationship to Myelocele. J.
Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 28, 247–259 (1965)
89. Williams, B.: On the pathogenesis of syringomyelia: a review. J. R. Soc. Med. 73(11), 798–
806 (1980)
V. Kurtcuoglu et al.
73. The Visible Human Project. 1997 [cited 2011 February]; Available from: http://
www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
74. Stockman, H.W.: Effect of anatomical fine structure on the flow of cerebrospinal fluid in the
spinal subarachnoid space. J. Biomech. Eng. 128(1), 106–114 (2006)
75. Sweetman, B., Linninger, A.A.: Cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics in the central nervous
system. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 39(1), 484–496 (2011)
76. Linninger, A.A., Xenos, M., Zhu, D.C., Somayaji, M.R., Kondapalli, S., Penn, R.D.:
Cerebrospinal fluid flow in the normal and hydrocephalic human brain. IEEE Trans. Biomed.
Eng. 54(2), 291–302 (2007)
77. Sweetman, B., Xenos, M., Zitella, L., Linninger, A.A.: Three-dimensional computational
prediction of cerebrospinal fluid flow in the human brain. Comput. Biol. Med. 41(2), 67–75
(2011)
78. Yiallourou, T.I., Kroger, J.R., Stergiopulos, N., Maintz, D., Martin, B.A., Bunck, A.C.:
Comparison of 4D phase-contrast MRI flow measurements to computational fluid dynamics
simulations of cerebrospinal fluid motion in the cervical spine. PLoS One. 7(12), e52284
(2012)
79. Lindstrom, E.K., Schreiner, J., Ringstad, G.A., Haughton, V., Eide, P.K., Mardal, K.A.:
Comparison of phase-contrast MR and flow simulations for the study of CSF dynamics in
the cervical spine. Neuroradiol. J. 31(3), 292–298 (2018)
80. Clarke, E.C., Fletcher, D.F., Stoodley, M.A., Bilston, L.E.: Computational fluid dynamics
modelling of cerebrospinal fluid pressure in Chiari malformation and syringomyelia. J.
Biomech. 46(11), 1801–1809 (2013)
81. Heidari Pahlavian, S., Bunck, A.C., Loth, F., Shane Tubbs, R., Yiallourou, T., Kroeger, J.R.,
Heindel, W., Martin, B.A.: Characterization of the discrepancies between four-dimensional
phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging and in-silico simulations of cerebrospinal fluid
dynamics. J. Biomech. Eng. 137(5), 051002 (2015)
82. Heidari Pahlavian, S., Bunck, A.C., Thyagaraj, S., Giese, D., Loth, F., Hedderich, D.M.,
Kroger, J.R., Martin, B.A.: Accuracy of 4D flow measurement of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics
in the cervical spine: an in vitro verification against numerical simulation. Ann. Biomed. Eng.
44(11), 3202–3214 (2016)
83. Thyagaraj, S., Pahlavian, S.H., Sass, L.R., Loth, F., Vatani, M., Choi, J.W., Tubbs, R.S., Giese,
D., Kroger, J.R., Bunck, A.C., Martin, B.A.: An MRI-compatible hydrodynamic simulator of
cerebrospinal fluid motion in the cervical spine. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. (2017)
84. Martin, B.A., Yiallourou, T.I., Pahlavian, S.H., Thyagaraj, S., Bunck, A.C., Loth, F., Sheffer,
D.B., Kroger, J.R., Stergiopulos, N.: Inter-operator reliability of magnetic resonance imagebased computational fluid dynamics prediction of cerebrospinal fluid motion in the cervical
spine. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 44(5), 1524–1537 (2016)
85. Bunck, A.C., Kroger, J.R., Juttner, A., Brentrup, A., Fiedler, B., Schaarschmidt, F., Crelier,
G.R., Schwindt, W., Heindel, W., Niederstadt, T., Maintz, D.: Magnetic resonance 4D flow
characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid at the craniocervical junction and the cervical spinal
canal. Eur. Radiol. 21(8), 1788–1796 (2011)
86. Bunck, A.C., Kroeger, J.R., Juettner, A., Brentrup, A., Fiedler, B., Crelier, G.R., Martin, B.A.,
Heindel, W., Maintz, D., Schwindt, W., Niederstadt, T.: Magnetic resonance 4D flow analysis
of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in Chiari I malformation with and without syringomyelia.
Eur. Radiol. 22(9), 1860–1870 (2012)
87. Khani, M., Xing, T., Gibbs, C., Oshinski, J.N., Stewart, G.R., Zeller, J.R., Martin, B.A.:
Nonuniform moving boundary method for computational fluid dynamics simulation of
intrathecal cerebrospinal flow distribution in a cynomolgus monkey. J. Biomech. Eng. 139(8),
(2017)
88. Gardner, W.J.: Hydrodynamic mechanism of Syringomyelia: its relationship to Myelocele. J.
Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 28, 247–259 (1965)
89. Williams, B.: On the pathogenesis of syringomyelia: a review. J. R. Soc. Med. 73(11), 798–
806 (1980)