166
electrical connection with the wiring. These parts are usually manufactured in aluminium alloys and include a brass pin (Polanco 2007).
9.3 The LED Industry and the Prospects of Consumption
For Bastos (2011), several regions in the world have banned incandescent bulbs in
the effort to improve energy efficiency, following recommendations by the
International Energy Agency. According to Teixeira et al. (2016), the LED market
share may be divided into four segments based on applications: residential, commercial, industrial, and outdoor (e.g. which includes public lighting and lighting in
large open spaces like stadiums and parking lots). Table 9.3 shows the main drivers
and critical points discussed by Teixeira et al. (2016) in the replacement of lighting
technologies in the adoption of LEDs for different purposes.
Figure 9.5 illustrates the value chain in 2010 and a 2010 estimate for the whole
production and commercialization processes of LED lighting devices.
The Fecomércio SP website quotes Brazilian Lighting Industry Association
(ABILUX) to predict that LED fixtures will represent 70% of the total revenue of
the lighting sector worldwide in 2020 (Comércio 2016). In other words, it could be
said that LEDs may be the lighting market leader in 2019.
9.4 The Elements Available for Recycling in LEDs
The combination of semiconductors defines the colour of LEDs. Since the mechanism of LEDs is based on energy levels, a voltage applied to a LED device excites
LED crystals to a higher energy level. When these electrons return to their baseline
levels, they emit waves of characteristic wavelengths as light. Since each element
has its own energy level, which therefore generates different wavelengths, the material used determines the colour of LED (Denbaars 1997 and Cervi 2005; Bullough
2003; Gois 2008).
Table 9.3 Drivers and critical points in the adoption of LEDs for various applications
Application Main lighting technology
Driver for
replacement
Critical points of the LED
technology
Residential Incandescent decoration
Price
Price of bulbs
Commercial Fluorescent incandescent Price, durability Vary with incentive policies and
green certification of buildings
Industrial
HID (sodium/mercury
vapour) fluorescent
Maintenance
costs
Durability
Outdoor
HID (sodium/mercury
vapour)
Maintenance
costs
Durability
Source: Adapted from Teixeira et al. (2016)
E. C. A. dos Santos et al.
electrical connection with the wiring. These parts are usually manufactured in aluminium alloys and include a brass pin (Polanco 2007).
9.3 The LED Industry and the Prospects of Consumption
For Bastos (2011), several regions in the world have banned incandescent bulbs in
the effort to improve energy efficiency, following recommendations by the
International Energy Agency. According to Teixeira et al. (2016), the LED market
share may be divided into four segments based on applications: residential, commercial, industrial, and outdoor (e.g. which includes public lighting and lighting in
large open spaces like stadiums and parking lots). Table 9.3 shows the main drivers
and critical points discussed by Teixeira et al. (2016) in the replacement of lighting
technologies in the adoption of LEDs for different purposes.
Figure 9.5 illustrates the value chain in 2010 and a 2010 estimate for the whole
production and commercialization processes of LED lighting devices.
The Fecomércio SP website quotes Brazilian Lighting Industry Association
(ABILUX) to predict that LED fixtures will represent 70% of the total revenue of
the lighting sector worldwide in 2020 (Comércio 2016). In other words, it could be
said that LEDs may be the lighting market leader in 2019.
9.4 The Elements Available for Recycling in LEDs
The combination of semiconductors defines the colour of LEDs. Since the mechanism of LEDs is based on energy levels, a voltage applied to a LED device excites
LED crystals to a higher energy level. When these electrons return to their baseline
levels, they emit waves of characteristic wavelengths as light. Since each element
has its own energy level, which therefore generates different wavelengths, the material used determines the colour of LED (Denbaars 1997 and Cervi 2005; Bullough
2003; Gois 2008).
Table 9.3 Drivers and critical points in the adoption of LEDs for various applications
Application Main lighting technology
Driver for
replacement
Critical points of the LED
technology
Residential Incandescent decoration
Price
Price of bulbs
Commercial Fluorescent incandescent Price, durability Vary with incentive policies and
green certification of buildings
Industrial
HID (sodium/mercury
vapour) fluorescent
Maintenance
costs
Durability
Outdoor
HID (sodium/mercury
vapour)
Maintenance
costs
Durability
Source: Adapted from Teixeira et al. (2016)
E. C. A. dos Santos et al.