97
dumps. Municipalities were preparing an E-waste management plan in 2014
including public information about E-waste collection programme and E-waste
collection. The Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning should evaluate the
plan conformity (Camgöz-Akdag and Aksoy 2014).
As Turkey is not yet a European Member State, there is no transposition of
European legislation in place. The great increase of the E-waste volume in Turkey
and the desire to participate in Europe impulse the regulation in this country. Kilic
et al. (2015) indicate the following problems to implement the directive: (i) Turkey
has less E-waste amount compared to European countries; (ii) the amount of
E-waste varies across the country; (iii) Turkey does not have separate collection
infrastructure; (iv) Turkey does not possess proper treatment facilities for cooling
and freezing equipment; (v) the E-waste recycling sector is highly dominated by
informal scrap dealers; (vi) Turkey does not still have the awareness for proper
collection and treatment of E-waste; and (vii) there is inadequate intellectual
knowledge for technical and financial sides. Camgöz-Akdag and Aksoy (2014) also
indicate the challenges faced by Turkey to improve their E-waste reverse logistics
system and propose some recommendations for improving it.
Indonesia
Due to the high economic growth as well as the rapid development of technology,
E-waste generated in Indonesia is expected to increase significantly (Andarani and
Goto (2014). Thus, there are indications that a large reuse flow is currently occurring
and effective inventory and management of E-waste remain a challenge for Indonesia
(Rochman et al. 2017).
In addition to these challenges, the Indonesian government faces two major
problems: first, E-waste is smuggled into the country in the form of user devices;
second, a large number of second-hand devices with unknown sources circulate in
the country without control (Panambunan-Ferse and Breiter 2013). In part this may
be since Indonesia is made up of thousands of islands and consequent difficulty in
monitoring and control of ports and boats, in addition to the long chain in the
primary and secondary markets, as well as informal and formal channels for the
management of this waste (Rochman et al. 2017), making the mapping of E-waste
streams quite complex. Therefore, Indonesia is suspected of receiving a large share
of this waste through illegal imports (Anderson 2010).
Thus, as can be seen in the literature (Panambunan-Ferse and Breiter 2013;
Rochman et al. 2017), the problems of E-waste management in Indonesia are due to
lack of infrastructure and a system of information to quantify, monitor and handle
electronic-waste and the absence of strong and effective legal regulations. As actions
to mitigate these problems, we have adopted an incentive system for cellular recovery, the inclusion of informal actors in the development of regulations and adequate
management of electronic-waste, as they represent a significant component of the
current waste recycling system and whose profit margins are low and exposed to risk.
Thailand
Thailand has 68.98 million inhabitants in 2016. In this year, the country generates
about 507 thousand tonnes of E-waste, which correspond to 7.4 kilos per capita
5 Recycling Challenges for Electronic Consumer Products to E-Waste: A Developing…
dumps. Municipalities were preparing an E-waste management plan in 2014
including public information about E-waste collection programme and E-waste
collection. The Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning should evaluate the
plan conformity (Camgöz-Akdag and Aksoy 2014).
As Turkey is not yet a European Member State, there is no transposition of
European legislation in place. The great increase of the E-waste volume in Turkey
and the desire to participate in Europe impulse the regulation in this country. Kilic
et al. (2015) indicate the following problems to implement the directive: (i) Turkey
has less E-waste amount compared to European countries; (ii) the amount of
E-waste varies across the country; (iii) Turkey does not have separate collection
infrastructure; (iv) Turkey does not possess proper treatment facilities for cooling
and freezing equipment; (v) the E-waste recycling sector is highly dominated by
informal scrap dealers; (vi) Turkey does not still have the awareness for proper
collection and treatment of E-waste; and (vii) there is inadequate intellectual
knowledge for technical and financial sides. Camgöz-Akdag and Aksoy (2014) also
indicate the challenges faced by Turkey to improve their E-waste reverse logistics
system and propose some recommendations for improving it.
Indonesia
Due to the high economic growth as well as the rapid development of technology,
E-waste generated in Indonesia is expected to increase significantly (Andarani and
Goto (2014). Thus, there are indications that a large reuse flow is currently occurring
and effective inventory and management of E-waste remain a challenge for Indonesia
(Rochman et al. 2017).
In addition to these challenges, the Indonesian government faces two major
problems: first, E-waste is smuggled into the country in the form of user devices;
second, a large number of second-hand devices with unknown sources circulate in
the country without control (Panambunan-Ferse and Breiter 2013). In part this may
be since Indonesia is made up of thousands of islands and consequent difficulty in
monitoring and control of ports and boats, in addition to the long chain in the
primary and secondary markets, as well as informal and formal channels for the
management of this waste (Rochman et al. 2017), making the mapping of E-waste
streams quite complex. Therefore, Indonesia is suspected of receiving a large share
of this waste through illegal imports (Anderson 2010).
Thus, as can be seen in the literature (Panambunan-Ferse and Breiter 2013;
Rochman et al. 2017), the problems of E-waste management in Indonesia are due to
lack of infrastructure and a system of information to quantify, monitor and handle
electronic-waste and the absence of strong and effective legal regulations. As actions
to mitigate these problems, we have adopted an incentive system for cellular recovery, the inclusion of informal actors in the development of regulations and adequate
management of electronic-waste, as they represent a significant component of the
current waste recycling system and whose profit margins are low and exposed to risk.
Thailand
Thailand has 68.98 million inhabitants in 2016. In this year, the country generates
about 507 thousand tonnes of E-waste, which correspond to 7.4 kilos per capita
5 Recycling Challenges for Electronic Consumer Products to E-Waste: A Developing…