98
(Baldé et al. 2017). Chirapat et al. (2012) point out several problems associated with
E-waste, such as inefficient domestic collecting and dismantling systems, lowquality products, inadequate E-waste management regulations and limited expertise
and technology. In this same sense, Herat and Agamuthu (2012) and Baldé et al.
(2017) add the lack of general awareness about E-waste and incomplete databases
and inventories related to this waste as other barriers in the country. However, as a
great driver for reverse logistics, the absence of a national regulation is a significant
challenge.
Thai government passed the National Strategic Plan on Integrated Management
of E-waste (E-waste Strategic Plan) in July 2007, but this plan has implementation
problems. According to Chirapat et al. (2012), there is a guideline approved by the
government to implement an E-waste management plan for the entire country. This
guideline includes application of precautionary principle and polluter pay principle
to producers and importers responsible for E-waste management; implementation of
regulations to reduce, reuse and recycle domestic and imported products; establishment of economic, financing and marketing mechanisms that motivate and stimulate
E-waste management; research and development of eco-friendly production technology; capacity building of local administrative authorities; and other actions.
The Thai government proposed a Green Industry Project in 2014. Kamolkittiwong
and Phruksaphanrat (2015) investigated the main critical drivers for the successful
adoption of companies in the country. Regulation is the most important driver
among the entire identified green supply chain management drivers studied. This
result reinforces the importance of the regulation enforcement to E-waste
management improvement.
Singapore
With 5.59 million inhabitants, Singapore generates about 100 thousand tonnes of
E-waste in 2016, which correspond to 17.9 kilos per capita (Baldé et al. 2017). This
country is indicated as a key node in the global networks of E-waste trade and
traffic. The Basel Convention on the Transboundary Shipment of Hazardous Waste
segregates countries into two groups. One group, Annex VII parties (comprising
developed countries), is accused of exporting hazardous waste to the non-Annex VII
parties (Lepawsky and Connolly 2016). Singapore, a non-Annex VII party, is a
major transhipment hub for waste electronics discarded to other countries in Asia
(Connolly 2012). Lepawsky and Connolly (2016) highlight that, among other
facilities, foreign traders are attracted to Singapore because of the high quality of
electronics discarded there. The authors also emphasize as a non-Annex VII party,
there is nothing in the Basel Convention prohibiting the country to export E-waste
to other non-Annex VII countries.
Pakistan
According to Iqbal et al. (2015) and Baldé et al. (2017), there is no reliable data
available on the E-waste generation, imported, recycled or dumped. It is estimated
that the country generates about 301 thousand tonnes of E-waste, which correspond
to 1.6 kilos per capita (Baldé et al. 2017). Pakistan receives thousands of tonnes of
P. Guarnieri et al.
(Baldé et al. 2017). Chirapat et al. (2012) point out several problems associated with
E-waste, such as inefficient domestic collecting and dismantling systems, lowquality products, inadequate E-waste management regulations and limited expertise
and technology. In this same sense, Herat and Agamuthu (2012) and Baldé et al.
(2017) add the lack of general awareness about E-waste and incomplete databases
and inventories related to this waste as other barriers in the country. However, as a
great driver for reverse logistics, the absence of a national regulation is a significant
challenge.
Thai government passed the National Strategic Plan on Integrated Management
of E-waste (E-waste Strategic Plan) in July 2007, but this plan has implementation
problems. According to Chirapat et al. (2012), there is a guideline approved by the
government to implement an E-waste management plan for the entire country. This
guideline includes application of precautionary principle and polluter pay principle
to producers and importers responsible for E-waste management; implementation of
regulations to reduce, reuse and recycle domestic and imported products; establishment of economic, financing and marketing mechanisms that motivate and stimulate
E-waste management; research and development of eco-friendly production technology; capacity building of local administrative authorities; and other actions.
The Thai government proposed a Green Industry Project in 2014. Kamolkittiwong
and Phruksaphanrat (2015) investigated the main critical drivers for the successful
adoption of companies in the country. Regulation is the most important driver
among the entire identified green supply chain management drivers studied. This
result reinforces the importance of the regulation enforcement to E-waste
management improvement.
Singapore
With 5.59 million inhabitants, Singapore generates about 100 thousand tonnes of
E-waste in 2016, which correspond to 17.9 kilos per capita (Baldé et al. 2017). This
country is indicated as a key node in the global networks of E-waste trade and
traffic. The Basel Convention on the Transboundary Shipment of Hazardous Waste
segregates countries into two groups. One group, Annex VII parties (comprising
developed countries), is accused of exporting hazardous waste to the non-Annex VII
parties (Lepawsky and Connolly 2016). Singapore, a non-Annex VII party, is a
major transhipment hub for waste electronics discarded to other countries in Asia
(Connolly 2012). Lepawsky and Connolly (2016) highlight that, among other
facilities, foreign traders are attracted to Singapore because of the high quality of
electronics discarded there. The authors also emphasize as a non-Annex VII party,
there is nothing in the Basel Convention prohibiting the country to export E-waste
to other non-Annex VII countries.
Pakistan
According to Iqbal et al. (2015) and Baldé et al. (2017), there is no reliable data
available on the E-waste generation, imported, recycled or dumped. It is estimated
that the country generates about 301 thousand tonnes of E-waste, which correspond
to 1.6 kilos per capita (Baldé et al. 2017). Pakistan receives thousands of tonnes of
P. Guarnieri et al.