96
Among the 36 categories listed in the federal law amendment, 10 are identified
as E-waste, as detailed below:
– (24) Computers and peripherals
– (25) Communications equipment
– (26) Consumer electronics
– (27) Optical devices and photographic equipment
– (30) Electric lighting equipment
– (31) Household electric devices
– (32) Non-electric household devices
– (33) Power-assisted hand tools
– (34) Industrial refrigeration and ventilation equipment
– (35) General purpose machinery and equipment, not included in other
categories
The Group of Eight is a group made up of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan,
Russia (suspended), the United Kingdom and the United States. The Group of Eight
3Rs Initiative (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) was introduced by Japan during the
Group of Eight Summit in June 2004. During the Asia 3Rs Conference held in
Tokyo during November 2006 where 20 Asian countries, 6 Group of Eight countries
and 8 international organizations participated, progress and issues related to
environmentally sound management of E-waste in the Asian region were discussed,
and delegates from Asian countries and experts made presentations on case studies
of E-waste management (United Nations Centre for Regional Development 2011).
Turkey
With 78.97 million inhabitants, Turkey generates about 623 thousand tonnes of
E-waste in 2016, which correspond to 7.9 kilos per capita (Baldé et al. 2017). It was
expected an increasing average growth rate of E-waste generated about 5% per year
by the Regulatory Impact Analysis report prepared in 2011 (Regional Environmental
Center of Turkey 2011). However, the E-waste per capita estimated in 2020 in this
study is already surpassed according to Baldé et al. (2017). This amount is also far
from the target of 20 kilo/capita to be achieved in 2019 (Camgöz-Akdag and Aksoy
2014).
According to Gök et al. (2017), there are few companies in the E-waste reverse
logistics in Turkey. Two firms collect and handle E-waste. It is collected in special
containers and licenced transporters placed in workplaces by these firms.
Furthermore, collected E-waste is separated into plastics and metal parts and
forwarded to recycling processes. These companies are not capable of recycling all
accumulated E-waste. Fluorescence toner cartages and capacitors are recycled in
other countries. The waste that cannot be recycled is sent to disposal facilities (Gök
et al. 2017).
Turkey implemented the extended producer responsibility for E-waste in 2012,
the so-called Regulation on the Control of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
number 28300. With this regulation, most of the E-waste arising is collected by
different operators which minimized the incorrect disposal in municipal waste
P. Guarnieri et al.
Among the 36 categories listed in the federal law amendment, 10 are identified
as E-waste, as detailed below:
– (24) Computers and peripherals
– (25) Communications equipment
– (26) Consumer electronics
– (27) Optical devices and photographic equipment
– (30) Electric lighting equipment
– (31) Household electric devices
– (32) Non-electric household devices
– (33) Power-assisted hand tools
– (34) Industrial refrigeration and ventilation equipment
– (35) General purpose machinery and equipment, not included in other
categories
The Group of Eight is a group made up of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan,
Russia (suspended), the United Kingdom and the United States. The Group of Eight
3Rs Initiative (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) was introduced by Japan during the
Group of Eight Summit in June 2004. During the Asia 3Rs Conference held in
Tokyo during November 2006 where 20 Asian countries, 6 Group of Eight countries
and 8 international organizations participated, progress and issues related to
environmentally sound management of E-waste in the Asian region were discussed,
and delegates from Asian countries and experts made presentations on case studies
of E-waste management (United Nations Centre for Regional Development 2011).
Turkey
With 78.97 million inhabitants, Turkey generates about 623 thousand tonnes of
E-waste in 2016, which correspond to 7.9 kilos per capita (Baldé et al. 2017). It was
expected an increasing average growth rate of E-waste generated about 5% per year
by the Regulatory Impact Analysis report prepared in 2011 (Regional Environmental
Center of Turkey 2011). However, the E-waste per capita estimated in 2020 in this
study is already surpassed according to Baldé et al. (2017). This amount is also far
from the target of 20 kilo/capita to be achieved in 2019 (Camgöz-Akdag and Aksoy
2014).
According to Gök et al. (2017), there are few companies in the E-waste reverse
logistics in Turkey. Two firms collect and handle E-waste. It is collected in special
containers and licenced transporters placed in workplaces by these firms.
Furthermore, collected E-waste is separated into plastics and metal parts and
forwarded to recycling processes. These companies are not capable of recycling all
accumulated E-waste. Fluorescence toner cartages and capacitors are recycled in
other countries. The waste that cannot be recycled is sent to disposal facilities (Gök
et al. 2017).
Turkey implemented the extended producer responsibility for E-waste in 2012,
the so-called Regulation on the Control of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
number 28300. With this regulation, most of the E-waste arising is collected by
different operators which minimized the incorrect disposal in municipal waste
P. Guarnieri et al.