95
It was developed in Korea in 2001 the Allbaro System that accomplishes the
waste monitoring, including the transboundary movement (import and export) of
hazardous waste. This can be considered an innovative initiative that provides
support for E-waste management.
India
In urban India, one of the major concerns has been the responsible management of
E-waste, considering the damages to human health and the environment (Borthakur
and Govind 2017). The growth of population in urban India from 11.4% in 1901 to
31.16% in 2011 resulted in an alarming increase in waste generation (Yadav et al.
2016). Besides that, India, along with Africa and China, has been the main
destinations of E-waste generated in developed countries (United Nations
Environment Programme 2009; Agoramoorthy and Chakraborty 2012).
Due to the illegal imports, it is observed an increase of domestic generation of
E-waste, and it is estimated that 90% of all the million tonnes of E-waste of India
are discarded by informal recyclers who use rudimentary methods to process
E-waste (Shirodkar and Terkar 2017).
Agrawal et al. (2014) point out that the Confederation of Indian Industries estimates that the electronics industry in India has a market size of USD 65 billion and
is expected to reach USD 400 billion by the year 2020.
Indian industry is dependent upon import electronics hardware, with commercial
transaction around USD 18.61 billion in 2010–2011. For this reason, the
manufacturers do not have technology and structure to recycling or reconditioning
many components. Besides that, the cost to send them back to suppliers is unfeasible
(Agrawal et al. 2014).
The Confederation of Indian Industries estimates in 2011 that the total E-waste
generated in India is around 146,000 tonnes per year, and it is growing at the average of 10% every year (Agrawal et al. 2014). At the same time, there are very little
or no regulations or laws regarding E-waste management in India (Shirodkar and
Terkar 2017).
Agoramoorthy and Chakraborty (2012) presented a ranking of E-wastegenerating states in India, in which 65 cities are responsible for the 70% of the
amount of production of E-waste. The Maharashtra state led the ranking, followed
by Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka,
Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab. Among the cities, Mumbai ranks first followed
by Delhi and Bangalore.
Russia
With a population of more than 140 million people, Russia annually produces about
1.4 million tonnes of E-waste and has a per capita generation of 9.7 kilos in 2016
(Baldé et al. 2017). Since January 2015 entered into force a regulation that
establishes the obligation of producers and importers to take back some products
and packages establishing (i) their own waste management infrastructure, (ii)
collective organizations to manage waste, (iii) contracts with regional operators or
(iv) paying the environmental fee according to average cost of collection,
transportation and disposal of each product.
5 Recycling Challenges for Electronic Consumer Products to E-Waste: A Developing…
It was developed in Korea in 2001 the Allbaro System that accomplishes the
waste monitoring, including the transboundary movement (import and export) of
hazardous waste. This can be considered an innovative initiative that provides
support for E-waste management.
India
In urban India, one of the major concerns has been the responsible management of
E-waste, considering the damages to human health and the environment (Borthakur
and Govind 2017). The growth of population in urban India from 11.4% in 1901 to
31.16% in 2011 resulted in an alarming increase in waste generation (Yadav et al.
2016). Besides that, India, along with Africa and China, has been the main
destinations of E-waste generated in developed countries (United Nations
Environment Programme 2009; Agoramoorthy and Chakraborty 2012).
Due to the illegal imports, it is observed an increase of domestic generation of
E-waste, and it is estimated that 90% of all the million tonnes of E-waste of India
are discarded by informal recyclers who use rudimentary methods to process
E-waste (Shirodkar and Terkar 2017).
Agrawal et al. (2014) point out that the Confederation of Indian Industries estimates that the electronics industry in India has a market size of USD 65 billion and
is expected to reach USD 400 billion by the year 2020.
Indian industry is dependent upon import electronics hardware, with commercial
transaction around USD 18.61 billion in 2010–2011. For this reason, the
manufacturers do not have technology and structure to recycling or reconditioning
many components. Besides that, the cost to send them back to suppliers is unfeasible
(Agrawal et al. 2014).
The Confederation of Indian Industries estimates in 2011 that the total E-waste
generated in India is around 146,000 tonnes per year, and it is growing at the average of 10% every year (Agrawal et al. 2014). At the same time, there are very little
or no regulations or laws regarding E-waste management in India (Shirodkar and
Terkar 2017).
Agoramoorthy and Chakraborty (2012) presented a ranking of E-wastegenerating states in India, in which 65 cities are responsible for the 70% of the
amount of production of E-waste. The Maharashtra state led the ranking, followed
by Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka,
Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab. Among the cities, Mumbai ranks first followed
by Delhi and Bangalore.
Russia
With a population of more than 140 million people, Russia annually produces about
1.4 million tonnes of E-waste and has a per capita generation of 9.7 kilos in 2016
(Baldé et al. 2017). Since January 2015 entered into force a regulation that
establishes the obligation of producers and importers to take back some products
and packages establishing (i) their own waste management infrastructure, (ii)
collective organizations to manage waste, (iii) contracts with regional operators or
(iv) paying the environmental fee according to average cost of collection,
transportation and disposal of each product.
5 Recycling Challenges for Electronic Consumer Products to E-Waste: A Developing…