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64. E.P. Visser, J.A. Disselhorst, M. Brom, P. Laverman, M. Gotthardt, W.J. Oyen et al., Spatial
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65. M.E. Phelps, E.J. Hoffman, N.A. Mullani, M.M. Ter-Pogossian, Application of annihilation
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66. S.R. Cherry, Y. Shao, R. Silverman, K. Meadors, S. Siegel, A. Chatziioannou et al.,
MicroPET: a high resolution PET scanner for imaging small animals. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.
44, 1161–1166 (1997)
67. M.E. Phelps, PET: the merging of biology and imaging into molecular imaging. J. Nucl. Med.
41, 661–681 (2000)
68. Z. Liu, W. Cai, L. He, N. Nakayama, K. Chen, X. Sun et al., In vivo biodistribution and
highly efficient tumour targeting of carbon nanotubes in mice. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2, 47–52
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69. V. Schulz, I. Torres-Espallardo, S. Renisch, Z. Hu, N. Ojha, P. Bornert et al., Automatic,
three-segment, MR-based attenuation correction for whole-body PET/MR data. Eur. J. Nucl.
Med. Mol. Imaging 38, 138–152 (2011)
70. M. Wiesmuller, H.H. Quick, B. Navalpakkam, M.M. Lell, M. Uder, P. Ritt et al., Comparison
of lesion detection and quantitation of tracer uptake between PET from a simultaneously
acquiring whole-body PET/MR hybrid scanner and PET from PET/CT. Eur. J. Nucl. Med.
Mol. Imaging 40, 12–21 (2013)
71. R. Sharma, Y. Xu, S.W. Kim, M.J. Schueller, D. Alexoff, S.D. Smith et al., Carbon-11
radiolabeling of iron-oxide nanoparticles for dual-modality PET/MR imaging. Nanoscale 5,
7476–7483 (2013)
72. C. Perez-Campana, V. Gomez-Vallejo, M. Puigivila, A. Martin, T. Calvo-Fernandez, S.E.
Moya et al., Biodistribution of different sized nanoparticles assessed by positron emission
tomography: a general strategy for direct activation of metal oxide particles. ACS Nano 7,
3498–3505 (2013)
73. R. Madru, T.A. Tran, J. Axelsson, C. Ingvar, A. Bibic, F. Stahlberg et al.,
68
Ga-labeled
superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for multi-modality PET/MR/
Cherenkov luminescence imaging of sentinel lymph nodes. Am. J. Nucl. Med. Mol.
Imaging. 4, 60–69 (2013)
74. T.W. Liu, T.D. MacDonald, J. Shi, B.C. Wilson, G. Zheng, Intrinsically copper-64-labeled
organic nanoparticles as radiotracers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 51, 13128–13131 (2012)
428
Y. Kim and D. S. Lee
sentinel lymph node metastases using a clinically translated ultrasmall silica nanoparticle.
Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol. 8, 535–553 (2016)
58. T.M. Shaffer, M.A. Wall, S. Harmsen, V.A. Longo, C.M. Drain, M.F. Kircher et al., Silica
nanoparticles as substrates for chelator-free labeling of oxophilic radioisotopes. Nano Lett. 15,
864–868 (2015)
59. H. Zhu, J. Zhao, X. Lin, Y. Hong, C. Li, Z. Yang, Design, synthesis and evaluation of
dual-modality glyco-nanoparticles for tumor imaging. Molecules 18, 6425–6438 (2013)
60. D. Hoffman, M. Sun, L. Yang, P.R. McDonagh, F. Corwin, G. Sundaresan et al., Intrinsically
radiolabeled [
59
Fe]-SPIONs for dual MRI/radionuclide detection. Am. J. Nucl. Med. Mol.
Imaging 4, 548–560 (2014)
61. A.F. Chatziioannou, Instrumentation for molecular imaging in preclinical research:
micro-PET and micro-SPECT. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2(533–6), 10–11 (2005)
62. F. Beekman, F. van der Have, The pinhole: gateway to ultra-high-resolution
three-dimensional radionuclide imaging. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 34, 151–161
(2007)
63. D.S. Berman, H. Kiat, K. Van Train, J.D. Friedman, F.P. Wang, G. Germano, Dual-isotope
myocardial perfusion SPECT with rest thallium-201 and stress Tc-99m sestamibi. Cardiol.
Clin. 12, 261–270 (1994)
64. E.P. Visser, J.A. Disselhorst, M. Brom, P. Laverman, M. Gotthardt, W.J. Oyen et al., Spatial
resolution and sensitivity of the Inveon small-animal PET scanner. J. Nucl. Med. 50, 139–147
(2009)
65. M.E. Phelps, E.J. Hoffman, N.A. Mullani, M.M. Ter-Pogossian, Application of annihilation
coincidence detection to transaxial reconstruction tomography. J. Nucl. Med. 16, 210–224
(1975)
66. S.R. Cherry, Y. Shao, R. Silverman, K. Meadors, S. Siegel, A. Chatziioannou et al.,
MicroPET: a high resolution PET scanner for imaging small animals. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.
44, 1161–1166 (1997)
67. M.E. Phelps, PET: the merging of biology and imaging into molecular imaging. J. Nucl. Med.
41, 661–681 (2000)
68. Z. Liu, W. Cai, L. He, N. Nakayama, K. Chen, X. Sun et al., In vivo biodistribution and
highly efficient tumour targeting of carbon nanotubes in mice. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2, 47–52
(2007)
69. V. Schulz, I. Torres-Espallardo, S. Renisch, Z. Hu, N. Ojha, P. Bornert et al., Automatic,
three-segment, MR-based attenuation correction for whole-body PET/MR data. Eur. J. Nucl.
Med. Mol. Imaging 38, 138–152 (2011)
70. M. Wiesmuller, H.H. Quick, B. Navalpakkam, M.M. Lell, M. Uder, P. Ritt et al., Comparison
of lesion detection and quantitation of tracer uptake between PET from a simultaneously
acquiring whole-body PET/MR hybrid scanner and PET from PET/CT. Eur. J. Nucl. Med.
Mol. Imaging 40, 12–21 (2013)
71. R. Sharma, Y. Xu, S.W. Kim, M.J. Schueller, D. Alexoff, S.D. Smith et al., Carbon-11
radiolabeling of iron-oxide nanoparticles for dual-modality PET/MR imaging. Nanoscale 5,
7476–7483 (2013)
72. C. Perez-Campana, V. Gomez-Vallejo, M. Puigivila, A. Martin, T. Calvo-Fernandez, S.E.
Moya et al., Biodistribution of different sized nanoparticles assessed by positron emission
tomography: a general strategy for direct activation of metal oxide particles. ACS Nano 7,
3498–3505 (2013)
73. R. Madru, T.A. Tran, J. Axelsson, C. Ingvar, A. Bibic, F. Stahlberg et al.,
68
Ga-labeled
superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for multi-modality PET/MR/
Cherenkov luminescence imaging of sentinel lymph nodes. Am. J. Nucl. Med. Mol.
Imaging. 4, 60–69 (2013)
74. T.W. Liu, T.D. MacDonald, J. Shi, B.C. Wilson, G. Zheng, Intrinsically copper-64-labeled
organic nanoparticles as radiotracers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 51, 13128–13131 (2012)
428
Y. Kim and D. S. Lee