19. M. Longmire, P.L. Choyke, H. Kobayashi, Dendrimer-based contrast agents for molecular
imaging. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 8, 1180–1186 (2008)
20. H. Xu, C.A. Regino, Y. Koyama, Y. Hama, A.J. Gunn, M. Bernardo et al., Preparation and
preliminary evaluation of a biotin-targeted, lectin-targeted dendrimer-based probe for
dual-modality magnetic resonance and fluorescence imaging. Bioconjug. Chem. 18, 1474–
1482 (2007)
21. T.A. Elbayoumi, V.P. Torchilin, Current trends in liposome research. Methods Mol. Biol.
605, 1–27 (2010)
22. A. Puri, K. Loomis, B. Smith, J.H. Lee, A. Yavlovich, E. Heldman et al., Lipid-based
nanoparticles as pharmaceutical drug carriers: from concepts to clinic. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug
Carrier Syst. 26, 523–580 (2009)
23. J.H. Senior, Fate and behavior of liposomes in vivo: a review of controlling factors. Crit. Rev.
Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. 3, 123–193 (1987)
24. P. Laverman, M.G. Carstens, O.C. Boerman, E.T. Dams, W.J. Oyen, N. van Rooijen et al.,
Factors affecting the accelerated blood clearance of polyethylene glycol-liposomes upon
repeated injection. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 298, 607–612 (2001)
25. P. Ehrlich, Croonian lecture: on immunity with special reference to cell life. Proc. R. Soc.
Lond. 66, 424–448 (1899)
26. D. Colcher, G. Pavlinkova, G. Beresford, B.J. Booth, A. Choudhury, S.K. Batra,
Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of genetically-engineered antibodies. Q. J. Nucl.
Med. 42, 225–241 (1998)
27. A.M. Scott, F.T. Lee, R. Jones, W. Hopkins, D. MacGregor, J.S. Cebon et al., A phase I trial
of humanized monoclonal antibody A33 in patients with colorectal carcinoma: biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and quantitative tumor uptake. Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 4810–4817
(2005)
28. E.N. Brody, L. Gold, Aptamers as therapeutic and diagnostic agents. J. Biotechnol. 74, 5–13
(2000)
29. K. Ohsawa, T. Kasamatsu, J. Nagashima, K. Hanawa, M. Kuwahara, H. Ozaki et al.,
Arginine-modified DNA aptamers that show enantioselective recognition of the dicarboxylic
acid moiety of glutamic acid. Anal. Sci. 24, 167–172 (2008)
30. H. Tian, Combinatorial selection of RNA ligands for complex cellular targets: the RNA
liagands-based proteomics. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 1, 99–103 (2002)
31. D.A. Daniels, H. Chen, B.J. Hicke, K.M. Swiderek, L. Gold, A tenascin-C aptamer identified
by tumor cell SELEX: systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 15416–15421 (2003)
32. D. Shangguan, Y. Li, Z. Tang, Z.C. Cao, H.W. Chen, P. Mallikaratchy et al., Aptamers
evolved from live cells as effective molecular probes for cancer study. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
U.S.A. 103, 11838–11843 (2006)
33. A.D. Keefe, R.G. Schaub, Aptamers as candidate therapeutics for cardiovascular indications.
Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 8, 147–152 (2008)
34. T.C. Chu, K.Y. Twu, A.D. Ellington, M. Levy, Aptamer mediated siRNA delivery. Nucleic
Acids Res. 34, e73 (2006)
35. P.E. Kish, Y. Tsume, P. Kijek, T.M. Lanigan, J.M. Hilfinger, B.J. Roessler, Bile
acid-oligopeptide conjugates interact with DNA and facilitate transfection. Mol. Pharm. 4,
95–103 (2007)
36. R.M. Schiffelers, A. Ansari, J. Xu, Q. Zhou, Q. Tang, G. Storm et al., Cancer siRNA therapy
by tumor selective delivery with ligand-targeted sterically stabilized nanoparticle. Nucleic
Acids Res. 32, e149 (2004)
37. Y.L. Xie, W. Lu, X.G. Jiang, Improvement of cationic albumin conjugated pegylated
nanoparticles holding NC-1900, a vasopressin fragment analog, in memory deficits induced
by scopolamine in mice. Behav. Brain Res. 173, 76–84 (2006)
38. H. Hirabayashi, J. Fujisaki, Bone-specific drug delivery systems: approaches via chemical
modification of bone-seeking agents. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 42, 1319–1330 (2003)
426
Y. Kim and D. S. Lee
imaging. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 8, 1180–1186 (2008)
20. H. Xu, C.A. Regino, Y. Koyama, Y. Hama, A.J. Gunn, M. Bernardo et al., Preparation and
preliminary evaluation of a biotin-targeted, lectin-targeted dendrimer-based probe for
dual-modality magnetic resonance and fluorescence imaging. Bioconjug. Chem. 18, 1474–
1482 (2007)
21. T.A. Elbayoumi, V.P. Torchilin, Current trends in liposome research. Methods Mol. Biol.
605, 1–27 (2010)
22. A. Puri, K. Loomis, B. Smith, J.H. Lee, A. Yavlovich, E. Heldman et al., Lipid-based
nanoparticles as pharmaceutical drug carriers: from concepts to clinic. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug
Carrier Syst. 26, 523–580 (2009)
23. J.H. Senior, Fate and behavior of liposomes in vivo: a review of controlling factors. Crit. Rev.
Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. 3, 123–193 (1987)
24. P. Laverman, M.G. Carstens, O.C. Boerman, E.T. Dams, W.J. Oyen, N. van Rooijen et al.,
Factors affecting the accelerated blood clearance of polyethylene glycol-liposomes upon
repeated injection. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 298, 607–612 (2001)
25. P. Ehrlich, Croonian lecture: on immunity with special reference to cell life. Proc. R. Soc.
Lond. 66, 424–448 (1899)
26. D. Colcher, G. Pavlinkova, G. Beresford, B.J. Booth, A. Choudhury, S.K. Batra,
Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of genetically-engineered antibodies. Q. J. Nucl.
Med. 42, 225–241 (1998)
27. A.M. Scott, F.T. Lee, R. Jones, W. Hopkins, D. MacGregor, J.S. Cebon et al., A phase I trial
of humanized monoclonal antibody A33 in patients with colorectal carcinoma: biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and quantitative tumor uptake. Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 4810–4817
(2005)
28. E.N. Brody, L. Gold, Aptamers as therapeutic and diagnostic agents. J. Biotechnol. 74, 5–13
(2000)
29. K. Ohsawa, T. Kasamatsu, J. Nagashima, K. Hanawa, M. Kuwahara, H. Ozaki et al.,
Arginine-modified DNA aptamers that show enantioselective recognition of the dicarboxylic
acid moiety of glutamic acid. Anal. Sci. 24, 167–172 (2008)
30. H. Tian, Combinatorial selection of RNA ligands for complex cellular targets: the RNA
liagands-based proteomics. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 1, 99–103 (2002)
31. D.A. Daniels, H. Chen, B.J. Hicke, K.M. Swiderek, L. Gold, A tenascin-C aptamer identified
by tumor cell SELEX: systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 15416–15421 (2003)
32. D. Shangguan, Y. Li, Z. Tang, Z.C. Cao, H.W. Chen, P. Mallikaratchy et al., Aptamers
evolved from live cells as effective molecular probes for cancer study. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
U.S.A. 103, 11838–11843 (2006)
33. A.D. Keefe, R.G. Schaub, Aptamers as candidate therapeutics for cardiovascular indications.
Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 8, 147–152 (2008)
34. T.C. Chu, K.Y. Twu, A.D. Ellington, M. Levy, Aptamer mediated siRNA delivery. Nucleic
Acids Res. 34, e73 (2006)
35. P.E. Kish, Y. Tsume, P. Kijek, T.M. Lanigan, J.M. Hilfinger, B.J. Roessler, Bile
acid-oligopeptide conjugates interact with DNA and facilitate transfection. Mol. Pharm. 4,
95–103 (2007)
36. R.M. Schiffelers, A. Ansari, J. Xu, Q. Zhou, Q. Tang, G. Storm et al., Cancer siRNA therapy
by tumor selective delivery with ligand-targeted sterically stabilized nanoparticle. Nucleic
Acids Res. 32, e149 (2004)
37. Y.L. Xie, W. Lu, X.G. Jiang, Improvement of cationic albumin conjugated pegylated
nanoparticles holding NC-1900, a vasopressin fragment analog, in memory deficits induced
by scopolamine in mice. Behav. Brain Res. 173, 76–84 (2006)
38. H. Hirabayashi, J. Fujisaki, Bone-specific drug delivery systems: approaches via chemical
modification of bone-seeking agents. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 42, 1319–1330 (2003)
426
Y. Kim and D. S. Lee