Multimodal imaging probes that unite nuclear imaging, which is highly sensitive
and quantitative, with non-nuclear imaging (e.g., optical imaging for ex vivo
identification of in vivo study; or MRI for anatomical localization) could be
available in future biomedical applications. Molecular-targeted agents which can be
detected by more than three imaging modalities are also possible. Advancements in
nanotechnology could extend the limits of current molecular imaging techniques
and facilitate point-of-care diagnosis, diagnostics/therapeutics integration, and
personalized medicine development.
References
1. W. Cai, X. Chen, Nanoplatforms for targeted molecular imaging in living subjects. Small 3,
1840–1854 (2007)
2. S.K. Sahoo, S. Parveen, J.J. Panda, The present and future of nanotechnology in human health
care. Nanomedicine 3, 20–31 (2007)
3. R. Weissleder, U. Mahmood, Molecular imaging. Radiology 219, 316–333 (2001)
4. N. Beckmann, R. Kneuer, H.U. Gremlich, H. Karmouty-Quintana, F.X. Ble, M. Muller, In
vivo mouse imaging and spectroscopy in drug discovery. NMR Biomed. 20, 154–185 (2007)
5. T.F. Massoud, S.S. Gambhir, Molecular imaging in living subjects: seeing fundamental
biological processes in a new light. Genes Dev. 17, 545–580 (2003)
6. D.E. Lee, H. Koo, I.C. Sun, J.H. Ryu, K. Kim, I.C. Kwon, Multifunctional nanoparticles for
multimodal imaging and theragnosis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 41, 2656–2672 (2012)
7. M.A. El-Sayed, Some interesting properties of metals confined in time and nanometer space
of different shapes. Acc. Chem. Res. 34, 257–264 (2001)
8. L. Dykman, N. Khlebtsov, Gold nanoparticles in biomedical applications: recent advances
and perspectives. Chem. Soc. Rev. 41, 2256–2282 (2012)
9. N. Khlebtsov, V. Bogatyrev, L. Dykman, B. Khlebtsov, S. Staroverov, A. Shirokov et al.,
Analytical and theranostic applications of gold nanoparticles and multifunctional nanocomposites. Theranostics 3, 167–180 (2013)
10. N. Khlebtsov, L. Dykman, Biodistribution and toxicity of engineered gold nanoparticles: a
review of in vitro and in vivo studies. Chem. Soc. Rev. 40, 1647–1671 (2011)
11. M. Cheki, M. Moslehi, M. Assadi, Marvelous applications of quantum dots. Eur. Rev. Med.
Pharmacol. Sci. 17, 1141–1148 (2013)
12. M. Bruchez Jr., M. Moronne, P. Gin, S. Weiss, A.P. Alivisatos, Semiconductor nanocrystals
as fluorescent biological labels. Science 281, 2013–2016 (1998)
13. R. Hardman, A toxicologic review of quantum dots: toxicity depends on physicochemical and
environmental factors. Environ. Health Perspect. 114, 165–172 (2006)
14. X. Gao, Y. Cui, R.M. Levenson, L.W. Chung, S. Nie, In vivo cancer targeting and imaging
with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat. Biotechnol. 22, 969–976 (2004)
15. Y. Ling, K. Wei, Y. Luo, X. Gao, S. Zhong, Dual docetaxel/superparamagnetic iron oxide
loaded nanoparticles for both targeting magnetic resonance imaging and cancer therapy.
Biomaterials 32, 7139–7150 (2011)
16. E. Amstad, M. Textor, E. Reimhult, Stabilization and functionalization of iron oxide
nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Nanoscale 3, 2819–2843 (2011)
17. N. Lewinski, V. Colvin, R. Drezek, Cytotoxicity of nanoparticles. Small 4, 26–49 (2008)
18. C.W. Jung, P. Jacobs, Physical and chemical properties of superparamagnetic iron oxide MR
contrast agents: ferumoxides, ferumoxtran, ferumoxsil. Magn. Reson. Imaging 13, 661–674
(1995)
22 Molecular Imaging Using Radionanomedicine
425
and quantitative, with non-nuclear imaging (e.g., optical imaging for ex vivo
identification of in vivo study; or MRI for anatomical localization) could be
available in future biomedical applications. Molecular-targeted agents which can be
detected by more than three imaging modalities are also possible. Advancements in
nanotechnology could extend the limits of current molecular imaging techniques
and facilitate point-of-care diagnosis, diagnostics/therapeutics integration, and
personalized medicine development.
References
1. W. Cai, X. Chen, Nanoplatforms for targeted molecular imaging in living subjects. Small 3,
1840–1854 (2007)
2. S.K. Sahoo, S. Parveen, J.J. Panda, The present and future of nanotechnology in human health
care. Nanomedicine 3, 20–31 (2007)
3. R. Weissleder, U. Mahmood, Molecular imaging. Radiology 219, 316–333 (2001)
4. N. Beckmann, R. Kneuer, H.U. Gremlich, H. Karmouty-Quintana, F.X. Ble, M. Muller, In
vivo mouse imaging and spectroscopy in drug discovery. NMR Biomed. 20, 154–185 (2007)
5. T.F. Massoud, S.S. Gambhir, Molecular imaging in living subjects: seeing fundamental
biological processes in a new light. Genes Dev. 17, 545–580 (2003)
6. D.E. Lee, H. Koo, I.C. Sun, J.H. Ryu, K. Kim, I.C. Kwon, Multifunctional nanoparticles for
multimodal imaging and theragnosis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 41, 2656–2672 (2012)
7. M.A. El-Sayed, Some interesting properties of metals confined in time and nanometer space
of different shapes. Acc. Chem. Res. 34, 257–264 (2001)
8. L. Dykman, N. Khlebtsov, Gold nanoparticles in biomedical applications: recent advances
and perspectives. Chem. Soc. Rev. 41, 2256–2282 (2012)
9. N. Khlebtsov, V. Bogatyrev, L. Dykman, B. Khlebtsov, S. Staroverov, A. Shirokov et al.,
Analytical and theranostic applications of gold nanoparticles and multifunctional nanocomposites. Theranostics 3, 167–180 (2013)
10. N. Khlebtsov, L. Dykman, Biodistribution and toxicity of engineered gold nanoparticles: a
review of in vitro and in vivo studies. Chem. Soc. Rev. 40, 1647–1671 (2011)
11. M. Cheki, M. Moslehi, M. Assadi, Marvelous applications of quantum dots. Eur. Rev. Med.
Pharmacol. Sci. 17, 1141–1148 (2013)
12. M. Bruchez Jr., M. Moronne, P. Gin, S. Weiss, A.P. Alivisatos, Semiconductor nanocrystals
as fluorescent biological labels. Science 281, 2013–2016 (1998)
13. R. Hardman, A toxicologic review of quantum dots: toxicity depends on physicochemical and
environmental factors. Environ. Health Perspect. 114, 165–172 (2006)
14. X. Gao, Y. Cui, R.M. Levenson, L.W. Chung, S. Nie, In vivo cancer targeting and imaging
with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat. Biotechnol. 22, 969–976 (2004)
15. Y. Ling, K. Wei, Y. Luo, X. Gao, S. Zhong, Dual docetaxel/superparamagnetic iron oxide
loaded nanoparticles for both targeting magnetic resonance imaging and cancer therapy.
Biomaterials 32, 7139–7150 (2011)
16. E. Amstad, M. Textor, E. Reimhult, Stabilization and functionalization of iron oxide
nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Nanoscale 3, 2819–2843 (2011)
17. N. Lewinski, V. Colvin, R. Drezek, Cytotoxicity of nanoparticles. Small 4, 26–49 (2008)
18. C.W. Jung, P. Jacobs, Physical and chemical properties of superparamagnetic iron oxide MR
contrast agents: ferumoxides, ferumoxtran, ferumoxsil. Magn. Reson. Imaging 13, 661–674
(1995)
22 Molecular Imaging Using Radionanomedicine
425