References
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nanoparticle delivery to tumours. Nat. Rev. Mater. 1, 16014 (2016)
2. J. Xu, C. Peng, M. Yu, J. Zheng, Renal clearable noble metal nanoparticles: photoluminescence, elimination, and biomedical applications. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed.
Nanobiotechnol. 9, 5 (2017)
3. E.B. Ehlerding, F. Chen, W. Cai, Biodegradable and renal clearable inorganic nanoparticles.
Adv. Sci. (Weinh.) 3(2), 1500223 (2016)
4. H.S. Choi, W. Liu, P. Misra, E. Tanaka, J.P. Zimmer, B. Itty Ipe et al., Renal clearance of
quantum dots. Nat. Biotechnol. 25(10), 1165–1170 (2007)
5. H.S. Choi, W. Liu, F. Liu, K. Nasr, P. Misra, M.G. Bawendi et al., Design considerations for
tumour-targeted nanoparticles. Nat Nano. 5(1), 42–47 (2010)
6. C. Zhou, M. Long, Y. Qin, X. Sun, J. Zheng, Luminescent gold nanoparticles with efficient
renal clearance. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 50(14), 3168–3172 (2011)
7. C. Zhou, G. Hao, P. Thomas, J. Liu, M. Yu, S. Sun et al., Near-infrared emitting radioactive
gold nanoparticles with molecular pharmacokinetics. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 51(40),
10118–10122 (2012)
8. C. Alric, I. Miladi, D. Kryza, J. Taleb, F. Lux, R. Bazzi et al., The biodistribution of gold
nanoparticles designed for renal clearance. Nanoscale 5(13), 5930–5939 (2013)
9. F. Chen, S. Goel, R. Hernandez, S.A. Graves, S. Shi, R.J. Nickles et al., Dynamic positron
emission tomography imaging of renal clearable gold nanoparticles. Small 12(20), 2775–2782
(2016)
10. C. Zhang, C. Li, Y. Liu, J. Zhang, C. Bao, S. Liang et al., Gold nanoclusters-based
nanoprobes for simultaneous fluorescence imaging and targeted photodynamic therapy with
superior penetration and retention behavior in tumors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25(8), 1314–1325
(2015)
11. A.A. Burns, J. Vider, H. Ow, E. Herz, O. Penate-Medina, M. Baumgart et al., Fluorescent
silica nanoparticles with efficient urinary excretion for nanomedicine. Nano Lett. 9(1), 442–
448 (2009)
12. M. Benezra, O. Penate-Medina, P.B. Zanzonico, D. Schaer, H. Ow, A. Burns et al.,
Multimodal silica nanoparticles are effective cancer-targeted probes in a model of human
melanoma. J. Clin. Invest. 121(7), 2768–2780 (2011)
13. H. Chen, G.D. Wang, W. Tang, T. Todd, Z. Zhen, C. Tsang et al., Gd-encapsulated
carbonaceous dots with efficient renal clearance for magnetic resonance imaging. Adv. Mater.
26(39), 6761–6766 (2014)
14. J.-H. Park, L. Gu, G. von Maltzahn, E. Ruoslahti, S.N. Bhatia, M.J. Sailor, Biodegradable
luminescent porous silicon nanoparticles for in vivo applications. Nat. Mater. 8(4), 331–336
(2009)
15. A. Ruggiero, C.H. Villa, E. Bander, D.A. Rey, M. Bergkvist, C.A. Batt et al., Paradoxical
glomerular filtration of carbon nanotubes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107(27), 12369–
12374 (2010)
16. L. Lacerda, M.A. Herrero, K. Venner, A. Bianco, M. Prato, K. Kostarelos, Carbon-nanotube
shape and individualization critical for renal excretion. Small 4(8), 1130–1132 (2008)
17. E. Phillips, O. Penate-Medina, P.B. Zanzonico, R.D. Carvajal, P. Mohan, Y. Ye et al., Clinical
translation of an ultrasmall inorganic optical-PET imaging nanoparticle probe. Sci. Transl
Med. 6(260), 260ra149 (2014)
18. J. Liu, M. Yu, C. Zhou, S. Yang, X. Ning, J. Zheng, Passive tumor targeting of renal-clearable
luminescent gold nanoparticles: long tumor retention and fast normal tissue clearance. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 135(13), 4978–4981 (2013)
19. M. Yu, J. Liu, X. Ning, J. Zheng, High-contrast noninvasive imaging of kidney clearance
kinetics enabled by renal clearable nanofluorophores. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 54(51),
15434–15438 (2015)
19 Excretion and Clearance
365
1. S. Wilhelm, A.J. Tavares, Q. Dai, S. Ohta, J. Audet, H.F. Dvorak et al., Analysis of
nanoparticle delivery to tumours. Nat. Rev. Mater. 1, 16014 (2016)
2. J. Xu, C. Peng, M. Yu, J. Zheng, Renal clearable noble metal nanoparticles: photoluminescence, elimination, and biomedical applications. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed.
Nanobiotechnol. 9, 5 (2017)
3. E.B. Ehlerding, F. Chen, W. Cai, Biodegradable and renal clearable inorganic nanoparticles.
Adv. Sci. (Weinh.) 3(2), 1500223 (2016)
4. H.S. Choi, W. Liu, P. Misra, E. Tanaka, J.P. Zimmer, B. Itty Ipe et al., Renal clearance of
quantum dots. Nat. Biotechnol. 25(10), 1165–1170 (2007)
5. H.S. Choi, W. Liu, F. Liu, K. Nasr, P. Misra, M.G. Bawendi et al., Design considerations for
tumour-targeted nanoparticles. Nat Nano. 5(1), 42–47 (2010)
6. C. Zhou, M. Long, Y. Qin, X. Sun, J. Zheng, Luminescent gold nanoparticles with efficient
renal clearance. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 50(14), 3168–3172 (2011)
7. C. Zhou, G. Hao, P. Thomas, J. Liu, M. Yu, S. Sun et al., Near-infrared emitting radioactive
gold nanoparticles with molecular pharmacokinetics. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 51(40),
10118–10122 (2012)
8. C. Alric, I. Miladi, D. Kryza, J. Taleb, F. Lux, R. Bazzi et al., The biodistribution of gold
nanoparticles designed for renal clearance. Nanoscale 5(13), 5930–5939 (2013)
9. F. Chen, S. Goel, R. Hernandez, S.A. Graves, S. Shi, R.J. Nickles et al., Dynamic positron
emission tomography imaging of renal clearable gold nanoparticles. Small 12(20), 2775–2782
(2016)
10. C. Zhang, C. Li, Y. Liu, J. Zhang, C. Bao, S. Liang et al., Gold nanoclusters-based
nanoprobes for simultaneous fluorescence imaging and targeted photodynamic therapy with
superior penetration and retention behavior in tumors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25(8), 1314–1325
(2015)
11. A.A. Burns, J. Vider, H. Ow, E. Herz, O. Penate-Medina, M. Baumgart et al., Fluorescent
silica nanoparticles with efficient urinary excretion for nanomedicine. Nano Lett. 9(1), 442–
448 (2009)
12. M. Benezra, O. Penate-Medina, P.B. Zanzonico, D. Schaer, H. Ow, A. Burns et al.,
Multimodal silica nanoparticles are effective cancer-targeted probes in a model of human
melanoma. J. Clin. Invest. 121(7), 2768–2780 (2011)
13. H. Chen, G.D. Wang, W. Tang, T. Todd, Z. Zhen, C. Tsang et al., Gd-encapsulated
carbonaceous dots with efficient renal clearance for magnetic resonance imaging. Adv. Mater.
26(39), 6761–6766 (2014)
14. J.-H. Park, L. Gu, G. von Maltzahn, E. Ruoslahti, S.N. Bhatia, M.J. Sailor, Biodegradable
luminescent porous silicon nanoparticles for in vivo applications. Nat. Mater. 8(4), 331–336
(2009)
15. A. Ruggiero, C.H. Villa, E. Bander, D.A. Rey, M. Bergkvist, C.A. Batt et al., Paradoxical
glomerular filtration of carbon nanotubes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107(27), 12369–
12374 (2010)
16. L. Lacerda, M.A. Herrero, K. Venner, A. Bianco, M. Prato, K. Kostarelos, Carbon-nanotube
shape and individualization critical for renal excretion. Small 4(8), 1130–1132 (2008)
17. E. Phillips, O. Penate-Medina, P.B. Zanzonico, R.D. Carvajal, P. Mohan, Y. Ye et al., Clinical
translation of an ultrasmall inorganic optical-PET imaging nanoparticle probe. Sci. Transl
Med. 6(260), 260ra149 (2014)
18. J. Liu, M. Yu, C. Zhou, S. Yang, X. Ning, J. Zheng, Passive tumor targeting of renal-clearable
luminescent gold nanoparticles: long tumor retention and fast normal tissue clearance. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 135(13), 4978–4981 (2013)
19. M. Yu, J. Liu, X. Ning, J. Zheng, High-contrast noninvasive imaging of kidney clearance
kinetics enabled by renal clearable nanofluorophores. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 54(51),
15434–15438 (2015)
19 Excretion and Clearance
365