when developing renal clearable gold nanoparticles [83, 85]. PEGylation has been
demonstrated to be another great strategy to prevent the aggregation of ultrasmall C
dots or >100 nm sized MSN in vivo [34, 45].
17.4 Conclusion
The PK of nanoparticles largely define their in vivo performance and potential
toxicity, and needs to be elucidated before clinical translation. In this chapter, we
summarized the size-, shape- and surface charge-dependent PK of radiolabeled
nanoparticles with our special focus on renal clearable radiolabeled silica, quantum
dots, gold and copper sulfide nanoparticles. Since nuclear imaging technique
detects the radioisotopes but not the nanoparticles themselves, the radiolabeling
technique and the in vivo stability of the radiolabeled nanoparticles are critical and
needs to be well addressed to achieve a reliable evaluation of nanoparticle fate
in vivo. With many desirable properties, we believe actively tumor-targeting
nanoparticles with predictable and controllable clearance pathway hold tremendous
promises for non-invasive cancer detection, treatment management and response
monitoring in the near future.
References
1. B.H. Kim, M.J. Hackett, J. Park, T. Hyeon, Synthesis, characterization, and application of
ultrasmall nanoparticles. Chem. Mater. 26(1), 59–71 (2014)
2. Y. Chen, H. Chen, J. Shi, In vivo bio-safety evaluations and diagnostic/therapeutic
applications of chemically designed mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Adv. Mater. 25(23),
3144–3176 (2013)
3. F. Tang, L. Li, D. Chen, Mesoporous silica nanoparticles: synthesis, biocompatibility and
drug delivery. Adv. Mater. 24(12), 1504–1534 (2012)
4. B. Zhou, B. Shi, D. Jin, X. Liu, Controlling upconversion nanocrystals for emerging
applications. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10(11), 924–936 (2015)
5. C. Walkey, E.A. Sykes, W.C. Chan, Application of semiconductor and metal nanostructures
in biology and medicine. Hematology 2009, 701–707 (2009)
6. A. Burns, H. Ow, U. Wiesner, Fluorescent core-shell silica nanoparticles: towards “lab on a
particle” architectures for nanobiotechnology. Chem. Soc. Rev. 35(11), 1028–1042 (2006)
7. B.D. Chithrani, W.C.W. Chan, Elucidating the mechanism of cellular uptake and removal of
protein-coated gold nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes. Nano Lett. 7(6), 1542–1550
(2007)
8. W. Jiang, B.Y.S. Kim, J.T. Rutka, W.C.W. Chan, Nanoparticle-mediated cellular response is
size-dependent. Nat. Nanotechnol. 3(3), 145–150 (2008)
9. H. Jin, D.A. Heller, R. Sharma, M.S. Strano, Size-dependent cellular uptake and expulsion of
single-walled carbon nanotubes: single particle tracking and a generic uptake model for
nanoparticles. ACS Nano. 3(1), 149–158 (2009)
10. C.D. Walkey, J.B. Olsen, H. Guo, A. Emili, W.C.W. Chan, Nanoparticle size and surface
chemistry determine serum protein adsorption and macrophage uptake. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
134(4), 2139–2147 (2012)
324
F. Chen
demonstrated to be another great strategy to prevent the aggregation of ultrasmall C
dots or >100 nm sized MSN in vivo [34, 45].
17.4 Conclusion
The PK of nanoparticles largely define their in vivo performance and potential
toxicity, and needs to be elucidated before clinical translation. In this chapter, we
summarized the size-, shape- and surface charge-dependent PK of radiolabeled
nanoparticles with our special focus on renal clearable radiolabeled silica, quantum
dots, gold and copper sulfide nanoparticles. Since nuclear imaging technique
detects the radioisotopes but not the nanoparticles themselves, the radiolabeling
technique and the in vivo stability of the radiolabeled nanoparticles are critical and
needs to be well addressed to achieve a reliable evaluation of nanoparticle fate
in vivo. With many desirable properties, we believe actively tumor-targeting
nanoparticles with predictable and controllable clearance pathway hold tremendous
promises for non-invasive cancer detection, treatment management and response
monitoring in the near future.
References
1. B.H. Kim, M.J. Hackett, J. Park, T. Hyeon, Synthesis, characterization, and application of
ultrasmall nanoparticles. Chem. Mater. 26(1), 59–71 (2014)
2. Y. Chen, H. Chen, J. Shi, In vivo bio-safety evaluations and diagnostic/therapeutic
applications of chemically designed mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Adv. Mater. 25(23),
3144–3176 (2013)
3. F. Tang, L. Li, D. Chen, Mesoporous silica nanoparticles: synthesis, biocompatibility and
drug delivery. Adv. Mater. 24(12), 1504–1534 (2012)
4. B. Zhou, B. Shi, D. Jin, X. Liu, Controlling upconversion nanocrystals for emerging
applications. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10(11), 924–936 (2015)
5. C. Walkey, E.A. Sykes, W.C. Chan, Application of semiconductor and metal nanostructures
in biology and medicine. Hematology 2009, 701–707 (2009)
6. A. Burns, H. Ow, U. Wiesner, Fluorescent core-shell silica nanoparticles: towards “lab on a
particle” architectures for nanobiotechnology. Chem. Soc. Rev. 35(11), 1028–1042 (2006)
7. B.D. Chithrani, W.C.W. Chan, Elucidating the mechanism of cellular uptake and removal of
protein-coated gold nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes. Nano Lett. 7(6), 1542–1550
(2007)
8. W. Jiang, B.Y.S. Kim, J.T. Rutka, W.C.W. Chan, Nanoparticle-mediated cellular response is
size-dependent. Nat. Nanotechnol. 3(3), 145–150 (2008)
9. H. Jin, D.A. Heller, R. Sharma, M.S. Strano, Size-dependent cellular uptake and expulsion of
single-walled carbon nanotubes: single particle tracking and a generic uptake model for
nanoparticles. ACS Nano. 3(1), 149–158 (2009)
10. C.D. Walkey, J.B. Olsen, H. Guo, A. Emili, W.C.W. Chan, Nanoparticle size and surface
chemistry determine serum protein adsorption and macrophage uptake. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
134(4), 2139–2147 (2012)
324
F. Chen