15.4 Conclusion
Small animal imaging using PET or SPECT has unique advantages over other
in vivo imaging modalities in its sensitivity and depth penetration and quantifiability. Furthermore, anatomical information can be added to PET or SPECT by the
hybrid scanner with CT or MR. Evaluation of in vivo biodistribution including
targeting efficiency using PET and SPECT imaging of radiolabeled NPs is beneficial to facilitate the development of the novel theranostic NPs. Furthermore, the
radiolabeled NPs themselves can be utilized as novel theranostic
radionanomedicines.
References
1. K.M. Tichauer, Y. Wang, B.W. Pogue, J.T. Liu, Quantitative in vivo cell-surface receptor
imaging in oncology: kinetic modeling and paired-agent principles from nuclear medicine and
optical imaging. Phys. Med. Biol. 60(14), R239–R269 (2015)
2. H.O. Anger, M.R. Powell, D.C. van Dyke, L.R. Schaer, R. Fawwaz, Y. Yano, Recent
applications of the scintillation camera. Strahlentherapie Sonderb. 65, 70–93 (1967)
3. E. Wolfs, C.M. Verfaillie, K. Van Laere, C.M. Deroose, Radiolabeling strategies for
radionuclide imaging of stem cells. Stem Cell Rev. 11(2), 254–274 (2015)
4. M.T. Madsen, Recent advances in SPECT imaging. J. Nucl. Med. 48(4), 661–673 (2007)
5. M.K. O’Connor, B.J. Kemp, Single-photon emission computed tomography/computed
tomography: basic instrumentation and innovations. Semin. Nucl. Med. 36(4), 258–266
(2006)
6. M.C. Wu, B.H. Hasegawa, M.W. Dae, Performance evaluation of a pinhole SPECT system
for myocardial perfusion imaging of mice. Med. Phys. 29(12), 2830–2839 (2002)
7. F.J. Beekman, F. van der Have, B. Vastenhouw, A.J. van der Linden, P.P. van Rijk, J.
P. Burbach et al., U-SPECT-I: a novel system for submillimeter-resolution tomography with
radiolabeled molecules in mice. J. Nucl. Med. 46(7), 1194–1200 (2005)
8. A.G. Weisenberger, R. Wojcik, E.L. Bradley, P. Brewer, S. Majewski, J. Qian et al.,
SPECT-CT system for small animal imaging. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 50(1), 74–79 (2003)
9. E. Lage, J.J. Vaquero, J. Villena, A. Carlos, G. Tapias, A. Sisniega et al. (ed.), Performance
evaluation of a new gamma imager for small animal SPECT applications, in 2007 IEEE
Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (2007)
10. S. Xishan, W. Shi, M. Tianyu, Z. Rong, L. Xin, Z. Zhang et al. (ed.), A high resolution and
high sensitivity small animal SPECT system based on H8500, in 2007 IEEE Nuclear Science
Symposium Conference Record (2007)
11. J.B. Freek, V. Brendan, Design and simulation of a high-resolution stationary SPECT system
for small animals. Phys. Med. Biol. 49(19), 4579 (2004)
12. G.A. Kastis, H.B. Barber, H.H. Barrett, S.J. Balzer, D. Lu, D.G. Marks et al., Gamma-ray
imaging using a CdZnTe pixel array and a high-resolution, parallel-hole collimator. IEEE
Trans. Nucl. Sci. 47(6), 1923–1927 (2000)
13. G.A. Kastis, M.C. Wu, S.J. Balzer, D.W. Wilson, L.R. Furenlid, G. Stevenson et al. (ed.)
Tomographic small-animal imaging using a high-resolution semiconductor camera, in 2000
IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (Cat. No.00CH37149) (2000)
14. B. Mueller, M.K. O’Connor, I. Blevis, D.J. Rhodes, R. Smith, D.A. Collins et al., Evaluation
of a small cadmium zinc telluride detector for scintimammography. J. Nucl. Med. 44(4), 602–
609 (2003)
15 Preclinical PET and SPECT for Radionanomedicine
289
Small animal imaging using PET or SPECT has unique advantages over other
in vivo imaging modalities in its sensitivity and depth penetration and quantifiability. Furthermore, anatomical information can be added to PET or SPECT by the
hybrid scanner with CT or MR. Evaluation of in vivo biodistribution including
targeting efficiency using PET and SPECT imaging of radiolabeled NPs is beneficial to facilitate the development of the novel theranostic NPs. Furthermore, the
radiolabeled NPs themselves can be utilized as novel theranostic
radionanomedicines.
References
1. K.M. Tichauer, Y. Wang, B.W. Pogue, J.T. Liu, Quantitative in vivo cell-surface receptor
imaging in oncology: kinetic modeling and paired-agent principles from nuclear medicine and
optical imaging. Phys. Med. Biol. 60(14), R239–R269 (2015)
2. H.O. Anger, M.R. Powell, D.C. van Dyke, L.R. Schaer, R. Fawwaz, Y. Yano, Recent
applications of the scintillation camera. Strahlentherapie Sonderb. 65, 70–93 (1967)
3. E. Wolfs, C.M. Verfaillie, K. Van Laere, C.M. Deroose, Radiolabeling strategies for
radionuclide imaging of stem cells. Stem Cell Rev. 11(2), 254–274 (2015)
4. M.T. Madsen, Recent advances in SPECT imaging. J. Nucl. Med. 48(4), 661–673 (2007)
5. M.K. O’Connor, B.J. Kemp, Single-photon emission computed tomography/computed
tomography: basic instrumentation and innovations. Semin. Nucl. Med. 36(4), 258–266
(2006)
6. M.C. Wu, B.H. Hasegawa, M.W. Dae, Performance evaluation of a pinhole SPECT system
for myocardial perfusion imaging of mice. Med. Phys. 29(12), 2830–2839 (2002)
7. F.J. Beekman, F. van der Have, B. Vastenhouw, A.J. van der Linden, P.P. van Rijk, J.
P. Burbach et al., U-SPECT-I: a novel system for submillimeter-resolution tomography with
radiolabeled molecules in mice. J. Nucl. Med. 46(7), 1194–1200 (2005)
8. A.G. Weisenberger, R. Wojcik, E.L. Bradley, P. Brewer, S. Majewski, J. Qian et al.,
SPECT-CT system for small animal imaging. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 50(1), 74–79 (2003)
9. E. Lage, J.J. Vaquero, J. Villena, A. Carlos, G. Tapias, A. Sisniega et al. (ed.), Performance
evaluation of a new gamma imager for small animal SPECT applications, in 2007 IEEE
Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (2007)
10. S. Xishan, W. Shi, M. Tianyu, Z. Rong, L. Xin, Z. Zhang et al. (ed.), A high resolution and
high sensitivity small animal SPECT system based on H8500, in 2007 IEEE Nuclear Science
Symposium Conference Record (2007)
11. J.B. Freek, V. Brendan, Design and simulation of a high-resolution stationary SPECT system
for small animals. Phys. Med. Biol. 49(19), 4579 (2004)
12. G.A. Kastis, H.B. Barber, H.H. Barrett, S.J. Balzer, D. Lu, D.G. Marks et al., Gamma-ray
imaging using a CdZnTe pixel array and a high-resolution, parallel-hole collimator. IEEE
Trans. Nucl. Sci. 47(6), 1923–1927 (2000)
13. G.A. Kastis, M.C. Wu, S.J. Balzer, D.W. Wilson, L.R. Furenlid, G. Stevenson et al. (ed.)
Tomographic small-animal imaging using a high-resolution semiconductor camera, in 2000
IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (Cat. No.00CH37149) (2000)
14. B. Mueller, M.K. O’Connor, I. Blevis, D.J. Rhodes, R. Smith, D.A. Collins et al., Evaluation
of a small cadmium zinc telluride detector for scintimammography. J. Nucl. Med. 44(4), 602–
609 (2003)
15 Preclinical PET and SPECT for Radionanomedicine
289