Part III
Surface Modification and Radiolabeling
Chapter 10: Surface Modification of Radionanomadicine
Chapter 11: Radiolabeling Method: Core/Surface Labeling, Chemical and Physical
Labeling
In this part, the readers will browse the general concept of surface modification of
nanomaterials. One of the modification will be the chelator conjugation on the
surface of nanomaterials for later radiolabeling. In the later radiolabeling,
radionuclides such as
68 Ga,
64 Cu,
89 Zr,
111 In,
90 Y,
177
Lu, and
188
Re are chelated
and thus chelators join the group of surface modifiers. Surface should be modified
at first with hydrophilizer, targeting ligands and chelator and thus we need at least
three different modifiers conjugated with the surface of the nanomaterials. Chelator
will add one step more and chemical conjugation was tried but not with such high
yield and the optimization of modification reaction was found to be difficult.
Solutions for this problem were pursued in various ways, such as trying core
labeling or sincere optimization of the chemical stepped procedures of modification.
Physical labeling methods were introduced and cast a great prospect of simultaneous multiplex labeling. Simply speaking, the composition of proper micelle was
the critical step and the following violent mixing and separation was an easy
addition to finalize the radiolabeling.
By understanding the desired procedures which should be optimized for each
nanomaterials and radionuclides, physical labeling is recommended and the readers
are recommended to see that there are disadvantages in devising the meticulous and
laborious sequential labeling methods for surface modification as well as radiolabeling and understanding what procedures are being developed as template procedures of choice. Further optimization is to be validated and the further
investigations are warranted.
Surface Modification and Radiolabeling
Chapter 10: Surface Modification of Radionanomadicine
Chapter 11: Radiolabeling Method: Core/Surface Labeling, Chemical and Physical
Labeling
In this part, the readers will browse the general concept of surface modification of
nanomaterials. One of the modification will be the chelator conjugation on the
surface of nanomaterials for later radiolabeling. In the later radiolabeling,
radionuclides such as
68 Ga,
64 Cu,
89 Zr,
111 In,
90 Y,
177
Lu, and
188
Re are chelated
and thus chelators join the group of surface modifiers. Surface should be modified
at first with hydrophilizer, targeting ligands and chelator and thus we need at least
three different modifiers conjugated with the surface of the nanomaterials. Chelator
will add one step more and chemical conjugation was tried but not with such high
yield and the optimization of modification reaction was found to be difficult.
Solutions for this problem were pursued in various ways, such as trying core
labeling or sincere optimization of the chemical stepped procedures of modification.
Physical labeling methods were introduced and cast a great prospect of simultaneous multiplex labeling. Simply speaking, the composition of proper micelle was
the critical step and the following violent mixing and separation was an easy
addition to finalize the radiolabeling.
By understanding the desired procedures which should be optimized for each
nanomaterials and radionuclides, physical labeling is recommended and the readers
are recommended to see that there are disadvantages in devising the meticulous and
laborious sequential labeling methods for surface modification as well as radiolabeling and understanding what procedures are being developed as template procedures of choice. Further optimization is to be validated and the further
investigations are warranted.