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of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury: inflammation, microcirculatory dysfunction, bioenergetics and the tubular cell adaptation to injury. Shock 41(1), 3 (2014)
27. M. Morigi, B. Imberti, C. Zoja, D. Corna, S. Tomasoni, M. Abbate et al., Mesenchymal stem
cells are renotropic, helping to repair the kidney and improve function in acute renal failure.
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 15(7), 1794–1804 (2004)
28. M. Morigi, M. Introna, B. Imberti, D. Corna, M. Abbate, C. Rota et al., Human bone marrow
mesenchymal stem cells accelerate recovery of acute renal injury and prolong survival in
mice. Stem Cells 26(8), 2075–2082 (2008)
29. F. Tögel, K. Weiss, Y. Yang, Z. Hu, P. Zhang, C. Westenfelder, Vasculotropic, paracrine
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injury. Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol. 292(5), F1626–F1635 (2007)
30. B. Bi, R. Schmitt, M. Israilova, H. Nishio, L.G. Cantley, Stromal cells protect against acute
tubular injury via an endocrine effect. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 18(9), 2486–2496 (2007)
31. B. Imberti, M. Morigi, S. Tomasoni, C. Rota, D. Corna, L. Longaretti et al., Insulin-like
growth factor-1 sustains stem cell–mediated renal repair. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 18(11), 2921–
2928 (2007)
32. V. Cantaluppi, L. Biancone, G.M. Romanazzi, F. Figliolini, S. Beltramo, F. Galimi et al.,
Macrophage stimulating protein may promote tubular regeneration after acute injury. J. Am.
Soc. Nephrol. 19(10), 1904–1918 (2008)
33. A. Ranghino, S. Bruno, B. Bussolati, A. Moggio, V. Dimuccio, M. Tapparo et al., The effects
of glomerular and tubular renal progenitors and derived extracellular vesicles on recovery
from acute kidney injury. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 8(1), 24 (2017)
34. S. Bruno, C. Grange, M.C. Deregibus, R.A. Calogero, S. Saviozzi, F. Collino et al.,
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived microvesicles protect against acute tubular injury. J. Am.
Soc. Nephrol. 20(5), 1053–1067 (2009)
35. S. Gatti, S. Bruno, M.C. Deregibus, A. Sordi, V. Cantaluppi, C. Tetta et al., Microvesicles
derived from human adult mesenchymal stem cells protect against ischaemia–
reperfusion-induced acute and chronic kidney injury. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 26, 1474–
1483 (2011)
36. Y. Zhou, H. Xu, W. Xu, B. Wang, H. Wu, Y. Tao et al., Exosomes released by human
umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells protect against cisplatin-induced renal oxidative stress
and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 4(2), 34 (2013)
37. G. Zhang, D. Wang, S. Miao, X. Zou, G. Liu, Y. Zhu, Extracellular vesicles derived from
mesenchymal stromal cells may possess increased therapeutic potential for acute kidney
injury compared with conditioned medium in rodent models: A meta-analysis. Exp. Ther.
Med. 11(4), 1519–1525 (2016)
38. D. Burger, J.L. Viñas, S. Akbari, H. Dehak, W. Knoll, A. Gutsol et al., Human endothelial
colony-forming cells protect against acute kidney injury: role of exosomes. Am. J. Pathol. 185
(8), 2309–2323 (2015)
39. J.L. Viñas, D. Burger, J. Zimpelmann, R. Haneef, W. Knoll, P. Campbell et al., Transfer of
microRNA-486-5p from human endothelial colony forming cell–derived exosomes reduces
ischemic kidney injury. Kidney Int. 90(6), 1238–1250 (2016)
40. X. Zhang, X. Yuan, H. Shi, L. Wu, H. Qian, W. Xu, Exosomes in cancer: small particle, big
player. J. Hematol. Oncol. 8(1), 83 (2015)
41. T. Lener, M. Gimona, L. Aigner, V. Börger, E. Buzas, G. Camussi et al., Applying
extracellular vesicles based therapeutics in clinical trials–an ISEV position paper. J. Extracell
Vesicles 4(1), 30087 (2015)
42. G. Raposo, H.W. Nijman, W. Stoorvogel, R. Liejendekker, C.V. Harding, C.J. Melief et al., B
lymphocytes secrete antigen-presenting vesicles. J. Exp. Med. 183(3), 1161–1172 (1996)
180
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reperfusion injury by exosomes secreted from mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Int. 2016,
8 (2016)
26. H. Gomez, C. Ince, D. De Backer, P. Pickkers, D. Payen, J. Hotchkiss et al., A unified theory
of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury: inflammation, microcirculatory dysfunction, bioenergetics and the tubular cell adaptation to injury. Shock 41(1), 3 (2014)
27. M. Morigi, B. Imberti, C. Zoja, D. Corna, S. Tomasoni, M. Abbate et al., Mesenchymal stem
cells are renotropic, helping to repair the kidney and improve function in acute renal failure.
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 15(7), 1794–1804 (2004)
28. M. Morigi, M. Introna, B. Imberti, D. Corna, M. Abbate, C. Rota et al., Human bone marrow
mesenchymal stem cells accelerate recovery of acute renal injury and prolong survival in
mice. Stem Cells 26(8), 2075–2082 (2008)
29. F. Tögel, K. Weiss, Y. Yang, Z. Hu, P. Zhang, C. Westenfelder, Vasculotropic, paracrine
actions of infused mesenchymal stem cells are important to the recovery from acute kidney
injury. Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol. 292(5), F1626–F1635 (2007)
30. B. Bi, R. Schmitt, M. Israilova, H. Nishio, L.G. Cantley, Stromal cells protect against acute
tubular injury via an endocrine effect. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 18(9), 2486–2496 (2007)
31. B. Imberti, M. Morigi, S. Tomasoni, C. Rota, D. Corna, L. Longaretti et al., Insulin-like
growth factor-1 sustains stem cell–mediated renal repair. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 18(11), 2921–
2928 (2007)
32. V. Cantaluppi, L. Biancone, G.M. Romanazzi, F. Figliolini, S. Beltramo, F. Galimi et al.,
Macrophage stimulating protein may promote tubular regeneration after acute injury. J. Am.
Soc. Nephrol. 19(10), 1904–1918 (2008)
33. A. Ranghino, S. Bruno, B. Bussolati, A. Moggio, V. Dimuccio, M. Tapparo et al., The effects
of glomerular and tubular renal progenitors and derived extracellular vesicles on recovery
from acute kidney injury. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 8(1), 24 (2017)
34. S. Bruno, C. Grange, M.C. Deregibus, R.A. Calogero, S. Saviozzi, F. Collino et al.,
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived microvesicles protect against acute tubular injury. J. Am.
Soc. Nephrol. 20(5), 1053–1067 (2009)
35. S. Gatti, S. Bruno, M.C. Deregibus, A. Sordi, V. Cantaluppi, C. Tetta et al., Microvesicles
derived from human adult mesenchymal stem cells protect against ischaemia–
reperfusion-induced acute and chronic kidney injury. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 26, 1474–
1483 (2011)
36. Y. Zhou, H. Xu, W. Xu, B. Wang, H. Wu, Y. Tao et al., Exosomes released by human
umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells protect against cisplatin-induced renal oxidative stress
and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 4(2), 34 (2013)
37. G. Zhang, D. Wang, S. Miao, X. Zou, G. Liu, Y. Zhu, Extracellular vesicles derived from
mesenchymal stromal cells may possess increased therapeutic potential for acute kidney
injury compared with conditioned medium in rodent models: A meta-analysis. Exp. Ther.
Med. 11(4), 1519–1525 (2016)
38. D. Burger, J.L. Viñas, S. Akbari, H. Dehak, W. Knoll, A. Gutsol et al., Human endothelial
colony-forming cells protect against acute kidney injury: role of exosomes. Am. J. Pathol. 185
(8), 2309–2323 (2015)
39. J.L. Viñas, D. Burger, J. Zimpelmann, R. Haneef, W. Knoll, P. Campbell et al., Transfer of
microRNA-486-5p from human endothelial colony forming cell–derived exosomes reduces
ischemic kidney injury. Kidney Int. 90(6), 1238–1250 (2016)
40. X. Zhang, X. Yuan, H. Shi, L. Wu, H. Qian, W. Xu, Exosomes in cancer: small particle, big
player. J. Hematol. Oncol. 8(1), 83 (2015)
41. T. Lener, M. Gimona, L. Aigner, V. Börger, E. Buzas, G. Camussi et al., Applying
extracellular vesicles based therapeutics in clinical trials–an ISEV position paper. J. Extracell
Vesicles 4(1), 30087 (2015)
42. G. Raposo, H.W. Nijman, W. Stoorvogel, R. Liejendekker, C.V. Harding, C.J. Melief et al., B
lymphocytes secrete antigen-presenting vesicles. J. Exp. Med. 183(3), 1161–1172 (1996)
180
S. Ha and D. S. Lee