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42. R. Agarwal, V. Singh, P. Jurney, L. Shi, S.V. Sreenivasan, K. Roy, Mammalian cells
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chemistry on biological systems. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 14, 1–16 (2012)
44. W. Kong, J. Liu, R. Liu, H. Li, Y. Liu, H. Huang et al., Quantitative and real-time effects of
carbon quantum dots on single living HeLa cell membrane permeability. Nanoscale 6(10),
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45. K. Yang, J. Wan, S. Zhang, Y. Zhang, S.T. Lee, Z. Liu, In vivo pharmacokinetics, long-term
biodistribution, and toxicology of PEGylated graphene in mice. ACS Nano. 5(1), 516–522
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46. M. Nurunnabi, Z. Khatun, K.M. Huh, S.Y. Park, D.Y. Lee, K.J. Cho et al., In vivo
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100
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modulate the photoluminescence of graphene quantum dots: from fluorescence mechanism
to up-conversion bioimaging applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 22(22), 4732–4740 (2012)
27. X. Wu, F. Tian, W. Wang, J. Chen, M. Wu, J.X. Zhao, Fabrication of highly fluorescent
graphene quantum dots using L-glutamic acid for in vitro/in vivo imaging and sensing.
J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron Devices 1(31), 4676–4684 (2013)
28. A.M. Jastrzebska, P. Kurtycz, A.R. Olszyna, Recent advances in graphene family materials
toxicity investigations. J. Nanopart. Res. 14(12), 1320 (2012)
29. C. Fisher, A.E. Rider, Z. Jun Han, S. Kumar, I. Levchenko, K. Ostrikov, Applications and
nanotoxicity of carbon nanotubes and graphene in biomedicine. J. Nanomater. 2012, 1–19
(2012)
30. K. Yang, H. Gong, X. Shi, J. Wan, Y. Zhang, Z. Liu, In vivo biodistribution and toxicology
of functionalized nano-graphene oxide in mice after oral and intraperitoneal administration.
Biomaterials 34(11), 2787–2795 (2013)
31. A. Sasidharan, L.S. Panchakarla, P. Chandran, D. Menon, S. Nair, C.N. Rao et al.,
Differential nano-bio interactions and toxicity effects of pristine versus functionalized
graphene. Nanoscale 3(6), 2461–2464 (2011)
32. C. Wu, C. Wang, T. Han, X. Zhou, S. Guo, J. Zhang, Insight into the cellular internalization
and cytotoxicity of graphene quantum dots. Adv Healthc Mater. 2(12), 1613–1619 (2013)
33. X. Yuan, Z. Liu, Z. Guo, Y. Ji, M. Jin, X. Wang, Cellular distribution and cytotoxicity of
graphene quantum dots with different functional groups. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 9(108) (2014)
34. Y. Chong, Y. Ma, H. Shen, X. Tu, X. Zhou, J. Xu et al., The in vitro and in vivo toxicity of
graphene quantum dots. Biomaterials 35(19), 5041–5048 (2014)
35. H. Zhang, C. Peng, J. Yang, M. Lv, R. Liu, D. He et al., Uniform ultrasmall graphene oxide
nanosheets with low cytotoxicity and high cellular uptake. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5(5),
1761–1767 (2013)
36. S.M. Chowdhury, G. Lalwani, K. Zhang, J.Y. Yang, K. Neville, B. Sitharaman, Cell specific
cytotoxicity and uptake of graphene nanoribbons. Biomaterials 34(1), 283–293 (2013)
37. K. Wang, J. Ruan, H. Song, J. Zhang, Y. Wo, S. Guo et al., Biocompatibility of graphene
oxide. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 6(1), 8 (2011)
38. A. Schinwald, F.A. Murphy, A. Jones, W. MacNee, K. Donaldson, Graphene-based
nanoplatelets: a new risk to the respiratory system as a consequence of their unusual
aerodynamic properties. ACS Nano. 6(1), 736–746 (2012)
39. R.G. Mendes, B. Koch, A. Bachmatiuk, X. Ma, S. Sanchez, C. Damm et al., A size
dependent evaluation of the cytotoxicity and uptake of nanographene oxide. J. Mater. Chem.
B Mater. Biol. Med. 3(12), 2522–2529 (2015)
40. O. Akhavan, E. Ghaderi, A. Akhavan, Size-dependent genotoxicity of graphene
nanoplatelets in human stem cells. Biomaterials 33(32), 8017–8025 (2012)
41. O. Akhavan, E. Ghaderi, Graphene nanomesh promises extremely efficient in vivo
photothermal therapy. Small 9(21), 3593–3601 (2013)
42. R. Agarwal, V. Singh, P. Jurney, L. Shi, S.V. Sreenivasan, K. Roy, Mammalian cells
preferentially internalize hydrogel nanodiscs over nanorods and use shape-specific uptake
mechanisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 110(43), 17247–17252 (2013)
43. A. Albanese, P.S. Tang, W.C. Chan, The effect of nanoparticle size, shape, and surface
chemistry on biological systems. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 14, 1–16 (2012)
44. W. Kong, J. Liu, R. Liu, H. Li, Y. Liu, H. Huang et al., Quantitative and real-time effects of
carbon quantum dots on single living HeLa cell membrane permeability. Nanoscale 6(10),
5116–5120 (2014)
45. K. Yang, J. Wan, S. Zhang, Y. Zhang, S.T. Lee, Z. Liu, In vivo pharmacokinetics, long-term
biodistribution, and toxicology of PEGylated graphene in mice. ACS Nano. 5(1), 516–522
(2011)
46. M. Nurunnabi, Z. Khatun, K.M. Huh, S.Y. Park, D.Y. Lee, K.J. Cho et al., In vivo
biodistribution and toxicology of carboxylated graphene quantum dots. ACS Nano. 7(8),
6858–6867 (2013)
100
J. M. Yoo et al.