Osawa A, Ishizuka M, Kanazawa Y (1991) A profile theory of tree growth. For Ecol Manag
41:33–63
Power H, Schneider R, Berninger F (2013) Understanding changes in black (Picea mariana) and
white spruce (Picea glauca) foliage biomass and leaf area characteristics. Trees 28:345–357
Pressler MR (1865) Gesetz der Stammbildung und dessen forstwirthschaftliche Bedeutung
insbesondere für den Waldbau höchsten reinertrago. Arnold Verlag, Leipzig
Pretzsch H, Dauber E, Biber P (2013) Species-specific and ontogeny-related stem allometry of
European forest trees: evidence from extensive stem analyses. For Sci 59:290–302
Reed DD, Byrne JC (1985) A simple, variable form volume estimation system. For Chron 61:87–90
Régnière J, Saint-Amant R (2008) BioSIM 9: manuel de l’utilisateur. Centre de foresterie des
Laurentides
Régnière J, Cooke BJ, Bergeron V (1995) BioSIM: un instrument informatique d’aide à la décision
pour la planification saisonnière de la lutte antiparasitaire. Guide d’utilisation
Rennenberg H, Loreto F, Polle A et al (2006) Physiological responses of forest trees to heat and
drought. Plant Biol 8:556–571
Robitaille A, Saucier J-P, Chabot M et al (2015) An approach for assessing suitability for forest
management based on constraints of the physical environment at a regional scale. Can J For Res
45:529–539
Rojo A, Perales X, Sánchez-Rodríguez F et al (2005) Stem taper functions for maritime pine ( Pinus
pinaster Ait.) in Galicia (Northwestern Spain). Eur J For Res 124:177–186
Sattler DF, Comeau PG (2015) Crown allometry and application of the pipe model theory to white
spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) in the western
boreal forest of Canada. Can J For Res 46:262–273
Schneider R, Berninger F, Ung C-H et al (2011a) Within crown variation in the relationship
between foliage biomass and sapwood area in jack pine. Tree Physiol 31:22–29
Schneider R, Fortin M, Berninger F et al (2011b) Modeling Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) foliage
density distribution. For Sci 57:180–188
Schneider R, Fortin M, Saucier J-P (2013) Équations de défilement en forêt naturelle pour les
principales essences commerciales du Québec. Mémoire de Recherche Forestière
No. 168, Ministère des Ressources Naturelles, Direction de la Recherche Forestière, 34 pp
Schneider R, Franceschini T, Fortin M, Saucier J-P (2018) Climate-induced changes in the stem
form of 5 North American tree species. For Ecol Manag (in press). https://www.sciencedirect.
com/science/article/pii/S0378112717315876
Schwarz F (1899) Physiologische Untersuchungen über Dickenwachstum und Holzqualität von
Pinus silvestris. P. Parey, Berlin
Sharma M, Oderwald RG (2001) Dimensionally compatible volume and taper equations. Can J For
Res 31:797–803
Sharma M, Parton J (2009) Modeling stand density effects on taper for jack pine and black spruce
plantations using dimensional analysis. For Sci 55:268–282
Sharma M, Zhang SY (2004) Variable-exponent taper equations for jack pine, black spruce, and
balsam fir in eastern Canada. For Ecol Manag 198:39–53
Shinozaki K, Kyoji Y, Hozumi K, Kira T (1964) A quantitative analysis of plant form – pipe model
theory I. Basic analyses. Jpn J Ecol 14:97–105
Sievänen R, Nikinmaa E, Perttunen J (1997) Evaluation of importance of sapwood senescence on
tree growth using the model Lignum. Silva Fenn 31:329–340
Slater D (2016) An argument against the axiom of uniform stress being applicable to trees. Arboric J
38:143–164
Smith DD, Sperry JS, Enquist BJ et al (2014) Deviation from symmetrically self-similar branching
in trees predicts altered hydraulics, mechanics, light interception and metabolic scaling. New
Phytol 201:217–229
Temesgen H, Affleck D, Poudel K et al (2015) A review of the challenges and opportunities in
estimating above ground forest biomass using tree-level models. Scand J For Res 30:326–335
Thomas CE, Parresol BR (1991) Simple, flexible, trigonometric taper equations. Can J For Res
21:1132–1137
Understanding the Factors Influencing Stem Form with Modelling Tools
315
41:33–63
Power H, Schneider R, Berninger F (2013) Understanding changes in black (Picea mariana) and
white spruce (Picea glauca) foliage biomass and leaf area characteristics. Trees 28:345–357
Pressler MR (1865) Gesetz der Stammbildung und dessen forstwirthschaftliche Bedeutung
insbesondere für den Waldbau höchsten reinertrago. Arnold Verlag, Leipzig
Pretzsch H, Dauber E, Biber P (2013) Species-specific and ontogeny-related stem allometry of
European forest trees: evidence from extensive stem analyses. For Sci 59:290–302
Reed DD, Byrne JC (1985) A simple, variable form volume estimation system. For Chron 61:87–90
Régnière J, Saint-Amant R (2008) BioSIM 9: manuel de l’utilisateur. Centre de foresterie des
Laurentides
Régnière J, Cooke BJ, Bergeron V (1995) BioSIM: un instrument informatique d’aide à la décision
pour la planification saisonnière de la lutte antiparasitaire. Guide d’utilisation
Rennenberg H, Loreto F, Polle A et al (2006) Physiological responses of forest trees to heat and
drought. Plant Biol 8:556–571
Robitaille A, Saucier J-P, Chabot M et al (2015) An approach for assessing suitability for forest
management based on constraints of the physical environment at a regional scale. Can J For Res
45:529–539
Rojo A, Perales X, Sánchez-Rodríguez F et al (2005) Stem taper functions for maritime pine ( Pinus
pinaster Ait.) in Galicia (Northwestern Spain). Eur J For Res 124:177–186
Sattler DF, Comeau PG (2015) Crown allometry and application of the pipe model theory to white
spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) in the western
boreal forest of Canada. Can J For Res 46:262–273
Schneider R, Berninger F, Ung C-H et al (2011a) Within crown variation in the relationship
between foliage biomass and sapwood area in jack pine. Tree Physiol 31:22–29
Schneider R, Fortin M, Berninger F et al (2011b) Modeling Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) foliage
density distribution. For Sci 57:180–188
Schneider R, Fortin M, Saucier J-P (2013) Équations de défilement en forêt naturelle pour les
principales essences commerciales du Québec. Mémoire de Recherche Forestière
No. 168, Ministère des Ressources Naturelles, Direction de la Recherche Forestière, 34 pp
Schneider R, Franceschini T, Fortin M, Saucier J-P (2018) Climate-induced changes in the stem
form of 5 North American tree species. For Ecol Manag (in press). https://www.sciencedirect.
com/science/article/pii/S0378112717315876
Schwarz F (1899) Physiologische Untersuchungen über Dickenwachstum und Holzqualität von
Pinus silvestris. P. Parey, Berlin
Sharma M, Oderwald RG (2001) Dimensionally compatible volume and taper equations. Can J For
Res 31:797–803
Sharma M, Parton J (2009) Modeling stand density effects on taper for jack pine and black spruce
plantations using dimensional analysis. For Sci 55:268–282
Sharma M, Zhang SY (2004) Variable-exponent taper equations for jack pine, black spruce, and
balsam fir in eastern Canada. For Ecol Manag 198:39–53
Shinozaki K, Kyoji Y, Hozumi K, Kira T (1964) A quantitative analysis of plant form – pipe model
theory I. Basic analyses. Jpn J Ecol 14:97–105
Sievänen R, Nikinmaa E, Perttunen J (1997) Evaluation of importance of sapwood senescence on
tree growth using the model Lignum. Silva Fenn 31:329–340
Slater D (2016) An argument against the axiom of uniform stress being applicable to trees. Arboric J
38:143–164
Smith DD, Sperry JS, Enquist BJ et al (2014) Deviation from symmetrically self-similar branching
in trees predicts altered hydraulics, mechanics, light interception and metabolic scaling. New
Phytol 201:217–229
Temesgen H, Affleck D, Poudel K et al (2015) A review of the challenges and opportunities in
estimating above ground forest biomass using tree-level models. Scand J For Res 30:326–335
Thomas CE, Parresol BR (1991) Simple, flexible, trigonometric taper equations. Can J For Res
21:1132–1137
Understanding the Factors Influencing Stem Form with Modelling Tools
315