Kozak A (1988) A variable-exponent taper equation. Can J For Res 18:1363–1368
Lambert MC, Ung CH, Raulier F (2005) Canadian national tree aboveground biomass equations.
Can J For Res 35:1996–2018
Landsberg J, Waring R, Ryan M (2017) Water relations in tree physiology: where to from here?
Tree Physiol 37:18–32
Larson PR (1963) Stem form development of forest trees. For Sci 9:a0001–a0042
Lee W-K, Biging GS, Son Y et al (2006) Geostatistical analysis of regional differences in stem taper
form of Pinus densiflora in central Korea. Ecol Res 21:513–525
Leites LP, Robinson AP (2004) Improving taper equations of loblolly pine with crown dimensions
in a mixed-effects modeling framework. For Sci 50:204–212
Li R, Weiskittel AR (2010) Comparison of model forms for estimating stem taper and volume in the
primary conifer species of the North American Acadian Region. Ann For Sci 67:302
Mäkelä A (1997) A carbon balance model of growth and self-pruning in trees based on structural
relationships. For Sci 43:7–24
Mäkelä A (1999) Acclimation in dynamic models based on structural relationships. Funct Ecol
13:145–156
Mäkelä A (2002) Derivation of stem taper from the pipe theory in a carbon balance framework. Tree
Physiol 22:891–905
Mäkelä A, Vanninen P (2001) Vertical structure of Scots pine crowns in different age and size
classes. Trees 15:385–392
Mäkinen H, Isomäki A (2004) Thinning intensity and long-term changes in increment and stem
form of Norway spruce trees. For Ecol Manag 201:295–309
Mattheck C (2000) Comments on “Wind-induced stresses in cherry trees: evidence against the
hypothesis of constant stress levels” by K.J. Niklas, H.-C. Spatz, Trees (2000) 14:230–237.
Trees 15:63–63
Max TA, Burkhart HE (1976) Segmented polynomial regression applied to taper equations. For Sci
22:283–289
Meng SX, Lieffers VJ, Reid DEB et al (2006) Reducing stem bending increases the height growth
of tall pines. J Exp Bot 57:3175–3182
Metzger K (1893) Der Wind als massgebender Faktor für das Wachstum der Bäume. Mündener
Forstl Hefte 3:35–86
Millet J (2012) L’architecture des arbres des régions tempérées. Multimondes, Montreal
Moore JR, Cown DJ, Lee JR et al (2014) The influence of stem guying on radial growth, stem form
and internal resin features in radiata pine. Trees 28:1197–1207
Morris DM, Forslund RR (1992) The relative importance of competition, microsite, and climate in
controlling the stem taper and profile shape in jack pine. Can J For Res 22:1999–2003
Morris DM, Parker WH (1992) Variable-quality form in mature jack pine stands: quantification and
relationship with environmental factors. Can J For Res 22:279–289
Muhairwe CK (1999) Taper equations for Eucalyptus pilularis and Eucalyptus grandis for the north
coast in New South Wales, Australia. For Ecol Manag 113:251–269
Newberry JD, Burkhart HE (1986) Variable-form stem profile models for loblolly pine. Can J For
Res 16:109–114
Newnham RM (1988) A variable-form taper equation. Information report PI-X-83, Petawawa
National Forest Institute
Nigh G, Smith W (2012) Effect of climate on lodgepole pine stem taper in British Columbia,
Canada. Forestry 85:579–587
Niklas KJ (2013) Biophysical and size-dependent perspectives on plant evolution. J Exp Bot
64:4817–4827
Niklas KJ, Spatz H-C (2000) Wind-induced stresses in cherry trees: evidence against the hypothesis
of constant stress levels. Trees 14:230–237
Nilsson J, Karlberg A, Antti H et al (2008) Dissecting the molecular basis of the regulation of wood
formation by auxin in hybrid aspen. Plant Cell 20:843–855
Ormerod DW (1973) A simple bole model. For Chron 49:136–138
314
R. Schneider
Lambert MC, Ung CH, Raulier F (2005) Canadian national tree aboveground biomass equations.
Can J For Res 35:1996–2018
Landsberg J, Waring R, Ryan M (2017) Water relations in tree physiology: where to from here?
Tree Physiol 37:18–32
Larson PR (1963) Stem form development of forest trees. For Sci 9:a0001–a0042
Lee W-K, Biging GS, Son Y et al (2006) Geostatistical analysis of regional differences in stem taper
form of Pinus densiflora in central Korea. Ecol Res 21:513–525
Leites LP, Robinson AP (2004) Improving taper equations of loblolly pine with crown dimensions
in a mixed-effects modeling framework. For Sci 50:204–212
Li R, Weiskittel AR (2010) Comparison of model forms for estimating stem taper and volume in the
primary conifer species of the North American Acadian Region. Ann For Sci 67:302
Mäkelä A (1997) A carbon balance model of growth and self-pruning in trees based on structural
relationships. For Sci 43:7–24
Mäkelä A (1999) Acclimation in dynamic models based on structural relationships. Funct Ecol
13:145–156
Mäkelä A (2002) Derivation of stem taper from the pipe theory in a carbon balance framework. Tree
Physiol 22:891–905
Mäkelä A, Vanninen P (2001) Vertical structure of Scots pine crowns in different age and size
classes. Trees 15:385–392
Mäkinen H, Isomäki A (2004) Thinning intensity and long-term changes in increment and stem
form of Norway spruce trees. For Ecol Manag 201:295–309
Mattheck C (2000) Comments on “Wind-induced stresses in cherry trees: evidence against the
hypothesis of constant stress levels” by K.J. Niklas, H.-C. Spatz, Trees (2000) 14:230–237.
Trees 15:63–63
Max TA, Burkhart HE (1976) Segmented polynomial regression applied to taper equations. For Sci
22:283–289
Meng SX, Lieffers VJ, Reid DEB et al (2006) Reducing stem bending increases the height growth
of tall pines. J Exp Bot 57:3175–3182
Metzger K (1893) Der Wind als massgebender Faktor für das Wachstum der Bäume. Mündener
Forstl Hefte 3:35–86
Millet J (2012) L’architecture des arbres des régions tempérées. Multimondes, Montreal
Moore JR, Cown DJ, Lee JR et al (2014) The influence of stem guying on radial growth, stem form
and internal resin features in radiata pine. Trees 28:1197–1207
Morris DM, Forslund RR (1992) The relative importance of competition, microsite, and climate in
controlling the stem taper and profile shape in jack pine. Can J For Res 22:1999–2003
Morris DM, Parker WH (1992) Variable-quality form in mature jack pine stands: quantification and
relationship with environmental factors. Can J For Res 22:279–289
Muhairwe CK (1999) Taper equations for Eucalyptus pilularis and Eucalyptus grandis for the north
coast in New South Wales, Australia. For Ecol Manag 113:251–269
Newberry JD, Burkhart HE (1986) Variable-form stem profile models for loblolly pine. Can J For
Res 16:109–114
Newnham RM (1988) A variable-form taper equation. Information report PI-X-83, Petawawa
National Forest Institute
Nigh G, Smith W (2012) Effect of climate on lodgepole pine stem taper in British Columbia,
Canada. Forestry 85:579–587
Niklas KJ (2013) Biophysical and size-dependent perspectives on plant evolution. J Exp Bot
64:4817–4827
Niklas KJ, Spatz H-C (2000) Wind-induced stresses in cherry trees: evidence against the hypothesis
of constant stress levels. Trees 14:230–237
Nilsson J, Karlberg A, Antti H et al (2008) Dissecting the molecular basis of the regulation of wood
formation by auxin in hybrid aspen. Plant Cell 20:843–855
Ormerod DW (1973) A simple bole model. For Chron 49:136–138
314
R. Schneider