Valentine HT (1988) A carbon-balance model of stand growth: a derivation employing pipe-model
theory and the self-thinning rule. Ann Bot 62:389–396
Valentine HT (2001) Influence of vertical foliage structure on the distribution of stem crosssectional area increment in western hemlock and balsam fir. For Sci 47:115–116
Valentine HT, Mäkelä A, Green EJ et al (2012) Models relating stem growth to crown length
dynamics: application to loblolly pine and Norway spruce. Trees 26:469–478
Weiskittel AR, Kershaw JA Jr, Hofmeyer PV, Seymour RS (2009) Species differences in total and
vertical distribution of branch- and tree-level leaf area for the five primary conifer species in
Maine, USA. For Ecol Manag 258:1695–1703
Weiskittel AR, MacFarlane DW, Radtke PJ et al (2015) A call to improve methods for estimating
tree biomass for regional and national assessments. J For 113:414–424
West GB, Brown JH, Enquist BJ (1999) A general model for the structure and allometry of plant
vascular systems. Nature 400:664–667
West GB, Enquist BJ, Brown JH (2009) A general quantitative theory of forest structure and
dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106:7040–7045
Wiklund K, Konöpka B, Nilsson L-O (1995) Stem form and growth in Picea abies (L.) karst, in
response to water and mineral nutrient availability. Scand J For Res 10:326–332
Williams GM, Nelson AS, Affleck DLR (2017) Vertical distribution of foliar biomass in western
larch (Larix occidentalis). Can J For Res 48:42–57
Younger NL, Temesgen H, Garber SM (2008) Taper and volume responses of Douglas-fir to sulfur
treatments for control of Swiss needle cast in the Coast Range of Oregon. West J Appl For
23:142–148
Yu W, Benoit R, Girard C et al (2006) Wind Energy Simulation Toolkit (WEST): a wind mapping
system for use by the wind-energy industry. Wind Eng 30:15–33
Zhao Y (2010) Auxin biosynthesis and its role in plant development. Annu Rev Plant Biol 61:49–64
316
R. Schneider
theory and the self-thinning rule. Ann Bot 62:389–396
Valentine HT (2001) Influence of vertical foliage structure on the distribution of stem crosssectional area increment in western hemlock and balsam fir. For Sci 47:115–116
Valentine HT, Mäkelä A, Green EJ et al (2012) Models relating stem growth to crown length
dynamics: application to loblolly pine and Norway spruce. Trees 26:469–478
Weiskittel AR, Kershaw JA Jr, Hofmeyer PV, Seymour RS (2009) Species differences in total and
vertical distribution of branch- and tree-level leaf area for the five primary conifer species in
Maine, USA. For Ecol Manag 258:1695–1703
Weiskittel AR, MacFarlane DW, Radtke PJ et al (2015) A call to improve methods for estimating
tree biomass for regional and national assessments. J For 113:414–424
West GB, Brown JH, Enquist BJ (1999) A general model for the structure and allometry of plant
vascular systems. Nature 400:664–667
West GB, Enquist BJ, Brown JH (2009) A general quantitative theory of forest structure and
dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106:7040–7045
Wiklund K, Konöpka B, Nilsson L-O (1995) Stem form and growth in Picea abies (L.) karst, in
response to water and mineral nutrient availability. Scand J For Res 10:326–332
Williams GM, Nelson AS, Affleck DLR (2017) Vertical distribution of foliar biomass in western
larch (Larix occidentalis). Can J For Res 48:42–57
Younger NL, Temesgen H, Garber SM (2008) Taper and volume responses of Douglas-fir to sulfur
treatments for control of Swiss needle cast in the Coast Range of Oregon. West J Appl For
23:142–148
Yu W, Benoit R, Girard C et al (2006) Wind Energy Simulation Toolkit (WEST): a wind mapping
system for use by the wind-energy industry. Wind Eng 30:15–33
Zhao Y (2010) Auxin biosynthesis and its role in plant development. Annu Rev Plant Biol 61:49–64
316
R. Schneider