Lien H-L, Zhang W (2001) Nanoscale iron particles for complete reduction of chlorinated ethenes.
Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 191:97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(01)
00767-1
Lien H-L, Zhang W (2005) Hydrodechlorination of chlorinated ethanes by nanoscale Pd/Fe
bimetallic particles. J Environ Eng 131:4–10. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372
(2005)131:1(4)
Lien H-L, Zhang W (2007) Nanoscale Pd/Fe bimetallic particles: catalytic effects of palladium on
hydrodechlorination. Appl Catal B Environ 77:110–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.
07.014
Lien H-L, Jhuo Y-S, Chen L-H (2007) Effect of heavy metals on dechlorination of carbon
tetrachloride by iron nanoparticles. Environ Eng Sci 24:21–30. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.
2007.24.21
Lin CJ, Lo S-L (2005) Effects of iron surface pretreatment on sorption and reduction kinetics of
trichloroethylene in a closed batch system. Water Res 39:1037–1046. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.
WATRES.2004.06.035
Lin CJ, Lo SL, Liou YH (2004) Dechlorination of trichloroethylene in aqueous solution by noble
metal-modified iron. J Hazard Mater 116:219–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.09.
005
Lin K-S, Mdlovu NV, Chen C-Y et al (2018) Degradation of TCE, PCE, and 1,2–DCE DNAPLs in
contaminated groundwater using polyethylenimine-modified zero-valent iron nanoparticles. J
Clean Prod 175:456–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.074
Ling L, Zhang W (2014a) Reactions of nanoscale zero-valent iron with Ni(II): three-dimensional
tomography of the “hollow out” effect in a single nanoparticle. Environ Sci Technol Lett
1:209–213. https://doi.org/10.1021/ez4002054
Ling L, Zhang W (2014b) Sequestration of arsenate in zero-valent iron nanoparticles: visualization
of intraparticle reactions at angstrom resolution. Environ Sci Technol Lett 1:305–309. https://
doi.org/10.1021/ez5001512
Ling L, Zhang W (2014c) Structures of Pd–Fe(0) bimetallic nanoparticles near 0.1 nm resolution.
RSC Adv 4:33861. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA04311A
Ling L, Zhang W (2017) Visualizing arsenate reactions and encapsulation in a single zero-valent
iron nanoparticle. Environ Sci Technol 51:2288–2294. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04315
Ling L, Huang X, Li M, Zhang W (2017) Mapping the reactions in a single zero-valent iron
nanoparticle. Environ Sci Technol 51:14293–14300. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02233
Lipczynska-Kochany E, Harms S, Milburn R et al (1994) Degradation of carbon tetrachloride in the
presence of iron and sulphur containing compounds. Chemosphere 29:1477–1489. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0045-6535(94)90279-8
Liu Y, Lowry GV (2006) Effect of particle age (Fe0 Content) and solution pH on NZVI reactivity:
H2 evolution and TCE dechlorination. Environ Sci Technol 40:6085–6090. https://doi.org/10.
1021/es060685o
Liu Y, Choi H, Dionysiou D, Lowry GV (2005a) Trichloroethene hydrodechlorination in water by
highly disordered monometallic nanoiron. Chem Mater 17:5315–5322. https://doi.org/10.1021/
CM0511217
Liu Y, Majetich SA, Tilton RD et al (2005b) TCE dechlorination rates, pathways, and efficiency of
nanoscale iron particles with different properties. Environ Sci Technol 39:1338–1345. https://
doi.org/10.1021/ES049195R
Liu Y, Phenrat T, Lowry GV (2007) Effect of TCE concentration and dissolved groundwater
solutes on NZVI-promoted TCE dechlorination and H2 evolution. Environ Sci Technol
41:7881–7887. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0711967
Liu F, Rotaru A-E, Shrestha PM et al (2012) Promoting direct interspecies electron transfer with
activated carbon. Energy Environ Sci 5:8982. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ee22459c
Liu A, Liu J, Pan B, Zhang W (2014a) Formation of lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) from oxidation of
nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) in oxygenated water. RSC Adv 4:57377–57382. https://doi.
org/10.1039/C4RA08988J
6 In Situ Chemical Reduction of Chlorinated Organic Compounds
385
Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 191:97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(01)
00767-1
Lien H-L, Zhang W (2005) Hydrodechlorination of chlorinated ethanes by nanoscale Pd/Fe
bimetallic particles. J Environ Eng 131:4–10. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372
(2005)131:1(4)
Lien H-L, Zhang W (2007) Nanoscale Pd/Fe bimetallic particles: catalytic effects of palladium on
hydrodechlorination. Appl Catal B Environ 77:110–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.
07.014
Lien H-L, Jhuo Y-S, Chen L-H (2007) Effect of heavy metals on dechlorination of carbon
tetrachloride by iron nanoparticles. Environ Eng Sci 24:21–30. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.
2007.24.21
Lin CJ, Lo S-L (2005) Effects of iron surface pretreatment on sorption and reduction kinetics of
trichloroethylene in a closed batch system. Water Res 39:1037–1046. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.
WATRES.2004.06.035
Lin CJ, Lo SL, Liou YH (2004) Dechlorination of trichloroethylene in aqueous solution by noble
metal-modified iron. J Hazard Mater 116:219–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.09.
005
Lin K-S, Mdlovu NV, Chen C-Y et al (2018) Degradation of TCE, PCE, and 1,2–DCE DNAPLs in
contaminated groundwater using polyethylenimine-modified zero-valent iron nanoparticles. J
Clean Prod 175:456–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.074
Ling L, Zhang W (2014a) Reactions of nanoscale zero-valent iron with Ni(II): three-dimensional
tomography of the “hollow out” effect in a single nanoparticle. Environ Sci Technol Lett
1:209–213. https://doi.org/10.1021/ez4002054
Ling L, Zhang W (2014b) Sequestration of arsenate in zero-valent iron nanoparticles: visualization
of intraparticle reactions at angstrom resolution. Environ Sci Technol Lett 1:305–309. https://
doi.org/10.1021/ez5001512
Ling L, Zhang W (2014c) Structures of Pd–Fe(0) bimetallic nanoparticles near 0.1 nm resolution.
RSC Adv 4:33861. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA04311A
Ling L, Zhang W (2017) Visualizing arsenate reactions and encapsulation in a single zero-valent
iron nanoparticle. Environ Sci Technol 51:2288–2294. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04315
Ling L, Huang X, Li M, Zhang W (2017) Mapping the reactions in a single zero-valent iron
nanoparticle. Environ Sci Technol 51:14293–14300. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02233
Lipczynska-Kochany E, Harms S, Milburn R et al (1994) Degradation of carbon tetrachloride in the
presence of iron and sulphur containing compounds. Chemosphere 29:1477–1489. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0045-6535(94)90279-8
Liu Y, Lowry GV (2006) Effect of particle age (Fe0 Content) and solution pH on NZVI reactivity:
H2 evolution and TCE dechlorination. Environ Sci Technol 40:6085–6090. https://doi.org/10.
1021/es060685o
Liu Y, Choi H, Dionysiou D, Lowry GV (2005a) Trichloroethene hydrodechlorination in water by
highly disordered monometallic nanoiron. Chem Mater 17:5315–5322. https://doi.org/10.1021/
CM0511217
Liu Y, Majetich SA, Tilton RD et al (2005b) TCE dechlorination rates, pathways, and efficiency of
nanoscale iron particles with different properties. Environ Sci Technol 39:1338–1345. https://
doi.org/10.1021/ES049195R
Liu Y, Phenrat T, Lowry GV (2007) Effect of TCE concentration and dissolved groundwater
solutes on NZVI-promoted TCE dechlorination and H2 evolution. Environ Sci Technol
41:7881–7887. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0711967
Liu F, Rotaru A-E, Shrestha PM et al (2012) Promoting direct interspecies electron transfer with
activated carbon. Energy Environ Sci 5:8982. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ee22459c
Liu A, Liu J, Pan B, Zhang W (2014a) Formation of lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) from oxidation of
nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) in oxygenated water. RSC Adv 4:57377–57382. https://doi.
org/10.1039/C4RA08988J
6 In Situ Chemical Reduction of Chlorinated Organic Compounds
385