Parr CL, Lehmann CE, Bond WJ, Hoffmann WA, Andersen AN (2014) Tropical grassy biomes:
misunderstood, neglected, and under threat. Trends Ecol Evol 29:205–213
Pennington RT, Lehmann CE, Rowland LM (2018) Tropical savannas and dry forests. Curr Biol
28:541–545
Phillips OL, Aragão LE, Lewis SL, Fisher JB, Lloyd J, López-González G, Malhi Y,
Monteagudo A, Peacock J, Quesada CA (2009) Drought sensitivity of the Amazon rainforest.
Science 323:1344–1347
Poorter L, Bongers F, Aide TM, Zambrano AMA, Balvanera P, Becknell JM, Boukili V, Brancalion
PH, Broadbent EN, Chazdon RL (2016) Biomass resilience of neotropical secondary forests.
Nature 530:211
Poulsen JR, Clark C, Bolker B (2011) Decoupling the effects of logging and hunting on an
Afrotropical animal community. Ecol Appl 21:1819–1836
Poulsen JR, Clark CJ, Palmer TM (2013) Ecological erosion of an Afrotropical forest and potential
consequences for tree recruitment and forest biomass. Biol Conserv 163:122–130
Proces P, Dubiez E, Bisiaux F, Péroches A, Fayolle A (2017) Production d’Acacia auriculiformis
dans le système agroforestier de Mampu, plateau Batéké. République démocratique du Congo
Bois et forêts des tropiques 334:23–36
Putz FE, Zuidema PA, Synnott T, Peña-Claros M, Pinard MA, Sheil D, Vanclay JK, Sist P, GourletFleury S, Griscom B (2012) Sustaining conservation values in selectively logged tropical
forests: the attained and the attainable. Conserv Lett 5:296–303
R Core Team (2015) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for
Statistical Computing, Vienna
Ratnam J, Bond WJ, Fensham RJ, Hoffmann WA, Archibald S, Lehmann CER, Anderson MT,
Higgins SI, Sankaran M (2011) When is a ‘forest’a savanna, and why does it matter? Glob Ecol
Biogeogr 20:653–660
Reynaud-Farrera I, Maley J, Wirrmann D (1996) Végétation et climat dans les forêts du sud-ouest
Cameroun depuis 4770 ans BP: analyse pollinique des sédiments du lac Ossa. C R Acad Sci
322:749–755
Roberts P, Hunt C, Arroyo-Kalin M, Evans D, Boivin N (2017) The deep human prehistory of
global tropical forests and its relevance for modern conservation. Nat Plants 3:17093
Ruiz Pérez M, de Blas DE, Nasi R, Sayer JA, Sassen M, Angoué C, Gami N, Ndoye O, Ngono G,
Nguinguiri J-C (2005) Logging in the Congo Basin: a multi-country characterization of timber
companies. For Ecol Manag 214:221–236
Runge J (2002) Holocene landscape history and palaeohydrology evidenced by stable carbon
isotope (δ 13 C) analysis of alluvial sediments in the Mbari valley (5
N/23
E), Central African
Republic. Catena 48:67–87
Sala O, Chapin F III, Armesto J, Berlow E, Bloomfield J, Dirzo R, Huber-Sanwald E, Huenneke L,
Jackson R, Kinzig A (2000) Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287:1770
Salzmann U (2000) Are modern savannas degraded forests?—a Holocene pollen record from the
Sudanian vagetation zone of NE Nigeria. Veg Hist Archaeobotany 9:1–15
Salzmann U, Hoelzmann P (2005) The Dahomey Gap: an abrupt climatically induced rain forest
fragmentation in West Africa during the late Holocene. The Holocene 15:190–199
Sankaran M, Hanan NP, Scholes RJ, Ratnam J, Augustine DJ, Cade BS, Gignoux J, Higgins SI, Le
Roux X, Ludwig F, Ardo J, Banyikwa F, Bronn A, Bucini G, Caylor KK, Coughenour MB,
Diouf A, Ekaya W, Feral CJ, February EC, Frost PGH, Hiernaux P, Hrabar H, Metzger KL,
Prins HHT, Ringrose S, Sea W, Tews J, Worden J, Zambatis N (2005) Determinants of woody
cover in African savannas. Nature 438:846–849
Sankaran M, Ratnam J, Hanan N (2008) Woody cover in African savannas: the role of resources,
fire and herbivory. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 17:236–245
Scholes R, Archer S (1997) Tree-grass interactions in savannas. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 28:517–544
Schure J, Levang P, Wiersum KF (2014) Producing woodfuel for urban centers in the democratic
republic of Congo: a path out of poverty for rural households? World development, forests,
livelihoods, and conservation 64, Suppl 1, S80–S90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.
03.013
9 Long-Term Vegetation Change in Central Africa: The Need for an Integrated. . .
313
misunderstood, neglected, and under threat. Trends Ecol Evol 29:205–213
Pennington RT, Lehmann CE, Rowland LM (2018) Tropical savannas and dry forests. Curr Biol
28:541–545
Phillips OL, Aragão LE, Lewis SL, Fisher JB, Lloyd J, López-González G, Malhi Y,
Monteagudo A, Peacock J, Quesada CA (2009) Drought sensitivity of the Amazon rainforest.
Science 323:1344–1347
Poorter L, Bongers F, Aide TM, Zambrano AMA, Balvanera P, Becknell JM, Boukili V, Brancalion
PH, Broadbent EN, Chazdon RL (2016) Biomass resilience of neotropical secondary forests.
Nature 530:211
Poulsen JR, Clark C, Bolker B (2011) Decoupling the effects of logging and hunting on an
Afrotropical animal community. Ecol Appl 21:1819–1836
Poulsen JR, Clark CJ, Palmer TM (2013) Ecological erosion of an Afrotropical forest and potential
consequences for tree recruitment and forest biomass. Biol Conserv 163:122–130
Proces P, Dubiez E, Bisiaux F, Péroches A, Fayolle A (2017) Production d’Acacia auriculiformis
dans le système agroforestier de Mampu, plateau Batéké. République démocratique du Congo
Bois et forêts des tropiques 334:23–36
Putz FE, Zuidema PA, Synnott T, Peña-Claros M, Pinard MA, Sheil D, Vanclay JK, Sist P, GourletFleury S, Griscom B (2012) Sustaining conservation values in selectively logged tropical
forests: the attained and the attainable. Conserv Lett 5:296–303
R Core Team (2015) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for
Statistical Computing, Vienna
Ratnam J, Bond WJ, Fensham RJ, Hoffmann WA, Archibald S, Lehmann CER, Anderson MT,
Higgins SI, Sankaran M (2011) When is a ‘forest’a savanna, and why does it matter? Glob Ecol
Biogeogr 20:653–660
Reynaud-Farrera I, Maley J, Wirrmann D (1996) Végétation et climat dans les forêts du sud-ouest
Cameroun depuis 4770 ans BP: analyse pollinique des sédiments du lac Ossa. C R Acad Sci
322:749–755
Roberts P, Hunt C, Arroyo-Kalin M, Evans D, Boivin N (2017) The deep human prehistory of
global tropical forests and its relevance for modern conservation. Nat Plants 3:17093
Ruiz Pérez M, de Blas DE, Nasi R, Sayer JA, Sassen M, Angoué C, Gami N, Ndoye O, Ngono G,
Nguinguiri J-C (2005) Logging in the Congo Basin: a multi-country characterization of timber
companies. For Ecol Manag 214:221–236
Runge J (2002) Holocene landscape history and palaeohydrology evidenced by stable carbon
isotope (δ 13 C) analysis of alluvial sediments in the Mbari valley (5
N/23
E), Central African
Republic. Catena 48:67–87
Sala O, Chapin F III, Armesto J, Berlow E, Bloomfield J, Dirzo R, Huber-Sanwald E, Huenneke L,
Jackson R, Kinzig A (2000) Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287:1770
Salzmann U (2000) Are modern savannas degraded forests?—a Holocene pollen record from the
Sudanian vagetation zone of NE Nigeria. Veg Hist Archaeobotany 9:1–15
Salzmann U, Hoelzmann P (2005) The Dahomey Gap: an abrupt climatically induced rain forest
fragmentation in West Africa during the late Holocene. The Holocene 15:190–199
Sankaran M, Hanan NP, Scholes RJ, Ratnam J, Augustine DJ, Cade BS, Gignoux J, Higgins SI, Le
Roux X, Ludwig F, Ardo J, Banyikwa F, Bronn A, Bucini G, Caylor KK, Coughenour MB,
Diouf A, Ekaya W, Feral CJ, February EC, Frost PGH, Hiernaux P, Hrabar H, Metzger KL,
Prins HHT, Ringrose S, Sea W, Tews J, Worden J, Zambatis N (2005) Determinants of woody
cover in African savannas. Nature 438:846–849
Sankaran M, Ratnam J, Hanan N (2008) Woody cover in African savannas: the role of resources,
fire and herbivory. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 17:236–245
Scholes R, Archer S (1997) Tree-grass interactions in savannas. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 28:517–544
Schure J, Levang P, Wiersum KF (2014) Producing woodfuel for urban centers in the democratic
republic of Congo: a path out of poverty for rural households? World development, forests,
livelihoods, and conservation 64, Suppl 1, S80–S90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.
03.013
9 Long-Term Vegetation Change in Central Africa: The Need for an Integrated. . .
313