Mitchard E, Saatchi S, Lewis S, Feldpausch T, Woodhouse I, Sonké B, Rowland C, Meir P (2011)
Measuring biomass changes due to woody encroachment and deforestation/degradation in a
forest–savanna boundary region of central Africa using multi-temporal L-band radar backscatter. Remote Sens Environ 115:2861–2873
Morin-Rivat J, Fayolle A, Gillet J-F, Bourland N, Gourlet-Fleury S, Oslisly R, Bremond L,
Bentaleb I, Beeckman H, Doucet J-L (2014) New evidence of human activities during the
holocene in the lowland forests of the Northern Congo Basin. Radiocarbon 56:209–220
Morin-Rivat J, Biwolé A, Gorel A-P, Vleminckx J, Gillet J-F, Bourland N, Hardy OJ, Smith AL,
Daïnou K, Dedry L (2016) High spatial resolution of late-Holocene human activities in the
moist forests of central Africa using soil charcoal and charred botanical remains. The Holocene
26:1954–1967
Morin-Rivat J, Fayolle A, Favier C, Bremond L, Gourlet-Fleury S, Bayol N, Lejeune P,
Beeckman H, Doucet J-L (2017) Present-day central African forest is a legacy of the 19th
century human history. eLife 6:e20343
Nacoulma BMI, Schumann K, Traoré S, Bernhardt-Römermann M, Hahn K, Wittig R, Thiombiano
A (2011) Impacts of land-use on West African savanna vegetation: a comparison between
protected and communal area in Burkina Faso. Biodivers Conserv 20:3341–3362
Nasi R, Taber A, van Vliet N (2011) Empty forests, empty stomachs? Bushmeat and livelihoods in
the Congo and Amazon Basins. Int For Rev 13:355–368
Nasi R, Billand A, van Vliet N (2012) Managing for timber and biodiversity in the Congo Basin.
For Ecol Manag 268:103–111
Neumann K, Bostoen K, Höhn A, Kahlheber S, Ngomanda A, Tchiengué B (2012a) First farmers in
the Central African rainforest: a view from southern Cameroon. Quat Int 249:53–62
Neumann K, Eggert M, Oslisly R, Clist B, Denham T, de Maret P, Ozainne S, Hildebrand E,
Bostoen K, Salzmann U (2012b) Comment on “Intensifying weathering and land use in Iron
Age Central Africa”. Science 337:1040
Ngomanda A, Jolly D, Bentaleb I, Chepstow-Lusty A, Makaya MV, Maley J, Fontugne M,
Oslisly R, Rabenkogo N (2007) Lowland rainforest response to hydrological changes during
the last 1500 years in Gabon, Western Equatorial Africa. Quat Res 67:411–425
Ngomanda A, Chepstow-Lusty A, Makaya M, Favier C, Schevin P, Maley J, Fontugne M,
Oslisly R, Jolly D, Langebroek P (2009) Western equatorial African forest-savanna mosaics:
a legacy of late Holocene climatic change? Clim Past 5:647–659
Nicholson SE, Some B, McCollum J, Nelkin E, Klotter D, Berte Y, Diallo B, Gaye I, Kpabeba G,
Ndiaye O (2003) Validation of TRMM and other rainfall estimates with a high-density gauge
dataset for West Africa. Part I: validation of GPCC rainfall product and pre-TRMM satellite and
blended products. J Appl Meteorol 42:1337–1354
Olson DM, Dinerstein E, Wikramanayake ED, Burgess ND, Powell GV, Underwood EC, D’amico
JA, Itoua I, Strand HE, Morrison JC (2001) Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of
life on earth: a new global map of terrestrial ecoregions provides an innovative tool for
conserving biodiversity. Bioscience 51:933–938
Osborne CP, Charles-Dominique T, Stevens N, Bond WJ, Midgley G, Lehmann CE (2018) Human
impacts in African savannas are mediated by plant functional traits. New Phytol 220:10–24
Oslisly R, White L, Bentaleb I, Favier C, Fontugne M, Gillet J-F, Sebag D (2013) Climatic and
cultural changes in the west Congo Basin forests over the past 5000 years. Philos Trans R Soc B
Biol Sci 368:20120304
Ouikon H (2003) Problématique de développement agricole en République centrafricaine et
perspectives de recherche. In: Savanes africaines: des espaces en mutation, des acteurs face à
de nouveaux défis. Actes du colloque, Garoua, Cameroun. Cirad-Prasac, Montpellier, 6 p
Pan Y, Birdsey RA, Fang J, Houghton R, Kauppi PE, Kurz WA, Phillips OL, Shvidenko A, Lewis
SL, Canadell JG (2011) A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests. Science
333:988–993
Pan Y, Birdsey RA, Phillips OL, Jackson RB (2013) The structure, distribution, and biomass of the
world’s forests. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 44:593–622
312
J. C. Aleman and A. Fayolle
Measuring biomass changes due to woody encroachment and deforestation/degradation in a
forest–savanna boundary region of central Africa using multi-temporal L-band radar backscatter. Remote Sens Environ 115:2861–2873
Morin-Rivat J, Fayolle A, Gillet J-F, Bourland N, Gourlet-Fleury S, Oslisly R, Bremond L,
Bentaleb I, Beeckman H, Doucet J-L (2014) New evidence of human activities during the
holocene in the lowland forests of the Northern Congo Basin. Radiocarbon 56:209–220
Morin-Rivat J, Biwolé A, Gorel A-P, Vleminckx J, Gillet J-F, Bourland N, Hardy OJ, Smith AL,
Daïnou K, Dedry L (2016) High spatial resolution of late-Holocene human activities in the
moist forests of central Africa using soil charcoal and charred botanical remains. The Holocene
26:1954–1967
Morin-Rivat J, Fayolle A, Favier C, Bremond L, Gourlet-Fleury S, Bayol N, Lejeune P,
Beeckman H, Doucet J-L (2017) Present-day central African forest is a legacy of the 19th
century human history. eLife 6:e20343
Nacoulma BMI, Schumann K, Traoré S, Bernhardt-Römermann M, Hahn K, Wittig R, Thiombiano
A (2011) Impacts of land-use on West African savanna vegetation: a comparison between
protected and communal area in Burkina Faso. Biodivers Conserv 20:3341–3362
Nasi R, Taber A, van Vliet N (2011) Empty forests, empty stomachs? Bushmeat and livelihoods in
the Congo and Amazon Basins. Int For Rev 13:355–368
Nasi R, Billand A, van Vliet N (2012) Managing for timber and biodiversity in the Congo Basin.
For Ecol Manag 268:103–111
Neumann K, Bostoen K, Höhn A, Kahlheber S, Ngomanda A, Tchiengué B (2012a) First farmers in
the Central African rainforest: a view from southern Cameroon. Quat Int 249:53–62
Neumann K, Eggert M, Oslisly R, Clist B, Denham T, de Maret P, Ozainne S, Hildebrand E,
Bostoen K, Salzmann U (2012b) Comment on “Intensifying weathering and land use in Iron
Age Central Africa”. Science 337:1040
Ngomanda A, Jolly D, Bentaleb I, Chepstow-Lusty A, Makaya MV, Maley J, Fontugne M,
Oslisly R, Rabenkogo N (2007) Lowland rainforest response to hydrological changes during
the last 1500 years in Gabon, Western Equatorial Africa. Quat Res 67:411–425
Ngomanda A, Chepstow-Lusty A, Makaya M, Favier C, Schevin P, Maley J, Fontugne M,
Oslisly R, Jolly D, Langebroek P (2009) Western equatorial African forest-savanna mosaics:
a legacy of late Holocene climatic change? Clim Past 5:647–659
Nicholson SE, Some B, McCollum J, Nelkin E, Klotter D, Berte Y, Diallo B, Gaye I, Kpabeba G,
Ndiaye O (2003) Validation of TRMM and other rainfall estimates with a high-density gauge
dataset for West Africa. Part I: validation of GPCC rainfall product and pre-TRMM satellite and
blended products. J Appl Meteorol 42:1337–1354
Olson DM, Dinerstein E, Wikramanayake ED, Burgess ND, Powell GV, Underwood EC, D’amico
JA, Itoua I, Strand HE, Morrison JC (2001) Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of
life on earth: a new global map of terrestrial ecoregions provides an innovative tool for
conserving biodiversity. Bioscience 51:933–938
Osborne CP, Charles-Dominique T, Stevens N, Bond WJ, Midgley G, Lehmann CE (2018) Human
impacts in African savannas are mediated by plant functional traits. New Phytol 220:10–24
Oslisly R, White L, Bentaleb I, Favier C, Fontugne M, Gillet J-F, Sebag D (2013) Climatic and
cultural changes in the west Congo Basin forests over the past 5000 years. Philos Trans R Soc B
Biol Sci 368:20120304
Ouikon H (2003) Problématique de développement agricole en République centrafricaine et
perspectives de recherche. In: Savanes africaines: des espaces en mutation, des acteurs face à
de nouveaux défis. Actes du colloque, Garoua, Cameroun. Cirad-Prasac, Montpellier, 6 p
Pan Y, Birdsey RA, Fang J, Houghton R, Kauppi PE, Kurz WA, Phillips OL, Shvidenko A, Lewis
SL, Canadell JG (2011) A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests. Science
333:988–993
Pan Y, Birdsey RA, Phillips OL, Jackson RB (2013) The structure, distribution, and biomass of the
world’s forests. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 44:593–622
312
J. C. Aleman and A. Fayolle