Lawton R (1982) Natural resources of miombo woodland and recent changes in agricultural and
land-use practices. For Ecol Manag 4:287–297
Lebamba J, Vincens A, Lézine A-M, Marchant R, Buchet G (2016) Forest-savannah dynamics on
the Adamawa plateau (Central Cameroon) during the “African Humid Period” termination: a
new high-resolution pollen record from Lake Tizong. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 235:129–139
Lehmann CE, Anderson TM, Sankaran M, Higgins SI, Archibald S, Hoffmann WA, Hanan NP,
Williams RJ, Fensham RJ, Felfili J (2014) Savanna vegetation-fire-climate relationships differ
among continents. Science 343:548–552
Letouzey R, Aubréville A (1968) Etude phytogéographique du Cameroun. Lechevalier, Paris
Lewis SL, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Sonké B, Affum-Baffoe K, Baker TR, Ojo LO, Phillips OL, Reitsma
JM, White L, Comiskey JA (2009) Increasing carbon storage in intact African tropical forests.
Nature 457:1003–1006
Lézine A-M, Holl AF-C, Lebamba J, Vincens A, Assi-Khaudjis C, Février L, Sultan E (2013)
Temporal relationship between Holocene human occupation and vegetation change along the
northwestern margin of the Central African rainforest. Compt Rendus Geosci 345:327–335
Linder HP (2014) The evolution of African plant diversity. Front Ecol Evol 2:38
Linder HP, de Klerk HM, Born J, Burgess ND, Fjeldså J, Rahbek C (2012) The partitioning of
Africa: statistically defined biogeographical regions in sub-Saharan Africa. J Biogeogr
39:1189–1205
Lloyd J, Domingues TF, Schrodt F, Ishida FY, Feldpausch TR, Saiz G, Quesada CA, Schwarz M,
Torello-Raventos M, Gilpin M (2015) Edaphic, structural and physiological contrasts across
Amazon Basin forest-savanna ecotones suggest a role for potassium as a key modulator of
tropical woody vegetation structure and function. Biogeosciences 12:6529–6571
Loarie SR, Duffy PB, Hamilton H, Asner GP, Field CB, Ackerly DD (2009) The velocity of climate
change. Nature 462:1052–1055
Malaisse F (2010) How to live and survive in Zambezian open forest (Miombo ecoregion). Presses
agronomiques de Gembloux, Gembloux
Maley J (1989) Late quaternary climatic changes in the African rain forest: forest refugia and the
major role of sea surface temperature variations. In: Paleoclimatology and paleometeorology:
modern and past patterns of global atmospheric transport. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 585–616
Maley J (1996) Fluctuations majeures de la forêt dense humide africaine. L’alimentation en forêt
tropicale. Interactions bioculturelles et perspectives de développement. UNESCO-CNRSORSTOM, Paris, pp 31–52
Maley J (2002) A catastrophic destruction of African forests about 2,500 years ago still exerts a
major influence on present vegetation formations. IDS Bull 33:13–30
Maley J, Willis K (2010) Did a savanna corridor open up across the central African forests 2500
years ago? CoForChange Newsletters (2). http://www.coforchange.eu/products/newsletters
Maley J, Giresse P, Doumenge C, Favier C (2012) Comment on “Intensifying weathering and land
use in Iron Age Central Africa”. Science 337:1040–1040
Maley J, Doumenge C, Giresse P, Mahé G, Philippon N, Hubau W, Lokonda MO, Tshibamba JM,
Chepstow-Lusty A (2018) Late holocene forest contraction and fragmentation in central Africa.
Quat Res 89:43–59
Malhi Y, Aragão LE, Galbraith D, Huntingford C, Fisher R, Zelazowski P, Sitch S, McSweeney C,
Meir P (2009) Exploring the likelihood and mechanism of a climate-change-induced dieback of
the Amazon rainforest. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106:20610–20615
Malhi Y, Gardner TA, Goldsmith GR, Silman MR, Zelazowski P (2014) Tropical forests in the
anthropocene. Annu Rev Environ Resour 39:125–159
Mayaux P, Bartholomé E, Fritz S, Belward A (2004) A new land cover map of Africa for the year
2000. J Biogeogr 31:861–877
Mitchard E, Saatchi S, Gerard F, Lewis S, Meir P (2009) Measuring woody encroachment along a
forest-savanna boundary in Central Africa. Earth Interact 13:1–29
9 Long-Term Vegetation Change in Central Africa: The Need for an Integrated. . .
311
land-use practices. For Ecol Manag 4:287–297
Lebamba J, Vincens A, Lézine A-M, Marchant R, Buchet G (2016) Forest-savannah dynamics on
the Adamawa plateau (Central Cameroon) during the “African Humid Period” termination: a
new high-resolution pollen record from Lake Tizong. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 235:129–139
Lehmann CE, Anderson TM, Sankaran M, Higgins SI, Archibald S, Hoffmann WA, Hanan NP,
Williams RJ, Fensham RJ, Felfili J (2014) Savanna vegetation-fire-climate relationships differ
among continents. Science 343:548–552
Letouzey R, Aubréville A (1968) Etude phytogéographique du Cameroun. Lechevalier, Paris
Lewis SL, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Sonké B, Affum-Baffoe K, Baker TR, Ojo LO, Phillips OL, Reitsma
JM, White L, Comiskey JA (2009) Increasing carbon storage in intact African tropical forests.
Nature 457:1003–1006
Lézine A-M, Holl AF-C, Lebamba J, Vincens A, Assi-Khaudjis C, Février L, Sultan E (2013)
Temporal relationship between Holocene human occupation and vegetation change along the
northwestern margin of the Central African rainforest. Compt Rendus Geosci 345:327–335
Linder HP (2014) The evolution of African plant diversity. Front Ecol Evol 2:38
Linder HP, de Klerk HM, Born J, Burgess ND, Fjeldså J, Rahbek C (2012) The partitioning of
Africa: statistically defined biogeographical regions in sub-Saharan Africa. J Biogeogr
39:1189–1205
Lloyd J, Domingues TF, Schrodt F, Ishida FY, Feldpausch TR, Saiz G, Quesada CA, Schwarz M,
Torello-Raventos M, Gilpin M (2015) Edaphic, structural and physiological contrasts across
Amazon Basin forest-savanna ecotones suggest a role for potassium as a key modulator of
tropical woody vegetation structure and function. Biogeosciences 12:6529–6571
Loarie SR, Duffy PB, Hamilton H, Asner GP, Field CB, Ackerly DD (2009) The velocity of climate
change. Nature 462:1052–1055
Malaisse F (2010) How to live and survive in Zambezian open forest (Miombo ecoregion). Presses
agronomiques de Gembloux, Gembloux
Maley J (1989) Late quaternary climatic changes in the African rain forest: forest refugia and the
major role of sea surface temperature variations. In: Paleoclimatology and paleometeorology:
modern and past patterns of global atmospheric transport. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 585–616
Maley J (1996) Fluctuations majeures de la forêt dense humide africaine. L’alimentation en forêt
tropicale. Interactions bioculturelles et perspectives de développement. UNESCO-CNRSORSTOM, Paris, pp 31–52
Maley J (2002) A catastrophic destruction of African forests about 2,500 years ago still exerts a
major influence on present vegetation formations. IDS Bull 33:13–30
Maley J, Willis K (2010) Did a savanna corridor open up across the central African forests 2500
years ago? CoForChange Newsletters (2). http://www.coforchange.eu/products/newsletters
Maley J, Giresse P, Doumenge C, Favier C (2012) Comment on “Intensifying weathering and land
use in Iron Age Central Africa”. Science 337:1040–1040
Maley J, Doumenge C, Giresse P, Mahé G, Philippon N, Hubau W, Lokonda MO, Tshibamba JM,
Chepstow-Lusty A (2018) Late holocene forest contraction and fragmentation in central Africa.
Quat Res 89:43–59
Malhi Y, Aragão LE, Galbraith D, Huntingford C, Fisher R, Zelazowski P, Sitch S, McSweeney C,
Meir P (2009) Exploring the likelihood and mechanism of a climate-change-induced dieback of
the Amazon rainforest. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106:20610–20615
Malhi Y, Gardner TA, Goldsmith GR, Silman MR, Zelazowski P (2014) Tropical forests in the
anthropocene. Annu Rev Environ Resour 39:125–159
Mayaux P, Bartholomé E, Fritz S, Belward A (2004) A new land cover map of Africa for the year
2000. J Biogeogr 31:861–877
Mitchard E, Saatchi S, Gerard F, Lewis S, Meir P (2009) Measuring woody encroachment along a
forest-savanna boundary in Central Africa. Earth Interact 13:1–29
9 Long-Term Vegetation Change in Central Africa: The Need for an Integrated. . .
311