Griffith DM, Lehmann CE, Strömberg CA, Parr CL, Pennington RT, Sankaran M, Ratnam J, Still
CJ, Powell RL, Hanan NP (2017) Comment on the extent of forest in dryland biomes. Science
358, eaao1309
Grollemund R, Branford S, Bostoen K, Meade A, Venditti C, Pagel M (2015) Bantu expansion
shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals. Proc Natl Acad Sci
112:13296–13301
Guillet B, Achoundong G, Happi J, Beyala V, Bonvallot J, Riera B, Mariotti A, Schwartz D (2001)
Agreement between floristic and soil organic carbon isotope (13C/12C, 14C) indicators of forest
invasion of savannas during the last century in Cameroon. J Trop Ecol 17:809–832
Hanan NP, Sea WB, Dangelmayr G, Govender N (2008) Do fires in savannas consume woody
biomass? A comment on approaches to modeling savanna dynamics. Am Nat 171:851–856
Hansen M, Potapov P, Moore R, Hancher M, Turubanova S, Tyukavina A, Thau D, Stehman S,
Goetz S, Loveland T (2013) High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change.
Science 342:850–853
Hijmans R, Cameron S, Parra J (2009) WorldClim—global climate data. http://www.worldclim.org
Hirota M, Holmgren M, Van Nes EH, Scheffer M (2011) Global resilience of tropical forest and
savanna to critical transitions. Science 334:232–235
Hubau W, Van den Bulcke J, Kitin P, Mees F, Baert G, Verschuren D, Nsenga L, Van Acker J,
Beeckman H (2013) Ancient charcoal as a natural archive for paleofire regime and vegetation
change in the Mayumbe, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Quat Res 80:326–340
Hubau W, Van den Bulcke J, Van Acker J, Beeckman H (2015) Charcoal-inferred Holocene fire
and vegetation history linked to drought periods in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Glob
Chang Biol 21:2296–2308
Hurtt G, Chini LP, Frolking S, Betts R, Feddema J, Fischer G, Fisk J, Hibbard K, Houghton R,
Janetos A (2011) Harmonization of land-use scenarios for the period 1500–2100: 600 years of
global gridded annual land-use transitions, wood harvest, and resulting secondary lands. Clim
Chang 109:117–161
IPBES (2018) The IPBES regional assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services for
Africa. In: Archer E, Dziba L, Mulongoy KJ, Maoela MA, Walters M (eds) Secretariat of the
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn,
Germany
IPCC (2014) Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge
Kehoe L, Romero-Muñoz A, Polaina E, Estes L, Kreft H, Kuemmerle T (2017) Biodiversity at risk
under future cropland expansion and intensification. Nat Ecol Evol 1:1129–1135
Kleinschroth F, Gourlet-Fleury S, Sist P, Mortier F, Healey JR (2015) Legacy of logging roads in
the Congo Basin: how persistent are the scars in forest cover? Ecosphere 6:1–17
Laestadius L, Maginnis S, Minnemeyer S, Potapov P, Saint-Laurent C, Sizer N (2012) Mapping
opportunities for forest landscape restoration. Unasylva (FAO) 238:62
Lamb P, Erskine PD, Parrotta JA (2005) Restoration of degraded tropical forest landscapes. Science
310:1628–1632
Laporte NT, Stabach JA, Grosch R, Lin TS, Goetz SJ (2007) Expansion of industrial logging in
Central Africa. Science 316:1451–1451
Laurance WF, Arrea IB (2017) Roads to riches or ruin? Science 358:442–444
Laurance WF, Useche DC (2009) Environmental synergisms and extinctions of tropical species.
Conserv Biol 23:1427–1437
Laurance WF, Useche DC, Rendeiro J, Kalka M, Bradshaw CJ, Sloan SP, Laurance SG,
Campbell M, Abernethy K, Alvarez P (2012) Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest
protected areas. Nature 489:290–294
Laurance WF, Sayer J, Cassman KG (2014) Agricultural expansion and its impacts on tropical
nature. Trends Ecol Evol 29:107–116
Laurance WF, Campbell MJ, Alamgir M, Mahmoud MI (2017) Road expansion and the fate of
Africa’s tropical forests. Front Ecol Evol 5:75
310
J. C. Aleman and A. Fayolle
CJ, Powell RL, Hanan NP (2017) Comment on the extent of forest in dryland biomes. Science
358, eaao1309
Grollemund R, Branford S, Bostoen K, Meade A, Venditti C, Pagel M (2015) Bantu expansion
shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals. Proc Natl Acad Sci
112:13296–13301
Guillet B, Achoundong G, Happi J, Beyala V, Bonvallot J, Riera B, Mariotti A, Schwartz D (2001)
Agreement between floristic and soil organic carbon isotope (13C/12C, 14C) indicators of forest
invasion of savannas during the last century in Cameroon. J Trop Ecol 17:809–832
Hanan NP, Sea WB, Dangelmayr G, Govender N (2008) Do fires in savannas consume woody
biomass? A comment on approaches to modeling savanna dynamics. Am Nat 171:851–856
Hansen M, Potapov P, Moore R, Hancher M, Turubanova S, Tyukavina A, Thau D, Stehman S,
Goetz S, Loveland T (2013) High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change.
Science 342:850–853
Hijmans R, Cameron S, Parra J (2009) WorldClim—global climate data. http://www.worldclim.org
Hirota M, Holmgren M, Van Nes EH, Scheffer M (2011) Global resilience of tropical forest and
savanna to critical transitions. Science 334:232–235
Hubau W, Van den Bulcke J, Kitin P, Mees F, Baert G, Verschuren D, Nsenga L, Van Acker J,
Beeckman H (2013) Ancient charcoal as a natural archive for paleofire regime and vegetation
change in the Mayumbe, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Quat Res 80:326–340
Hubau W, Van den Bulcke J, Van Acker J, Beeckman H (2015) Charcoal-inferred Holocene fire
and vegetation history linked to drought periods in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Glob
Chang Biol 21:2296–2308
Hurtt G, Chini LP, Frolking S, Betts R, Feddema J, Fischer G, Fisk J, Hibbard K, Houghton R,
Janetos A (2011) Harmonization of land-use scenarios for the period 1500–2100: 600 years of
global gridded annual land-use transitions, wood harvest, and resulting secondary lands. Clim
Chang 109:117–161
IPBES (2018) The IPBES regional assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services for
Africa. In: Archer E, Dziba L, Mulongoy KJ, Maoela MA, Walters M (eds) Secretariat of the
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn,
Germany
IPCC (2014) Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge
Kehoe L, Romero-Muñoz A, Polaina E, Estes L, Kreft H, Kuemmerle T (2017) Biodiversity at risk
under future cropland expansion and intensification. Nat Ecol Evol 1:1129–1135
Kleinschroth F, Gourlet-Fleury S, Sist P, Mortier F, Healey JR (2015) Legacy of logging roads in
the Congo Basin: how persistent are the scars in forest cover? Ecosphere 6:1–17
Laestadius L, Maginnis S, Minnemeyer S, Potapov P, Saint-Laurent C, Sizer N (2012) Mapping
opportunities for forest landscape restoration. Unasylva (FAO) 238:62
Lamb P, Erskine PD, Parrotta JA (2005) Restoration of degraded tropical forest landscapes. Science
310:1628–1632
Laporte NT, Stabach JA, Grosch R, Lin TS, Goetz SJ (2007) Expansion of industrial logging in
Central Africa. Science 316:1451–1451
Laurance WF, Arrea IB (2017) Roads to riches or ruin? Science 358:442–444
Laurance WF, Useche DC (2009) Environmental synergisms and extinctions of tropical species.
Conserv Biol 23:1427–1437
Laurance WF, Useche DC, Rendeiro J, Kalka M, Bradshaw CJ, Sloan SP, Laurance SG,
Campbell M, Abernethy K, Alvarez P (2012) Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest
protected areas. Nature 489:290–294
Laurance WF, Sayer J, Cassman KG (2014) Agricultural expansion and its impacts on tropical
nature. Trends Ecol Evol 29:107–116
Laurance WF, Campbell MJ, Alamgir M, Mahmoud MI (2017) Road expansion and the fate of
Africa’s tropical forests. Front Ecol Evol 5:75
310
J. C. Aleman and A. Fayolle