Brncic T, Willis K, Harris D, Washington R (2007) Culture or climate? The relative influences of
past processes on the composition of the lowland Congo rainforest. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol
Sci 362:229–242
Brncic T, Willis K, Harris D, Telfer M, Bailey R (2009) Fire and climate change impacts on lowland
forest composition in northern Congo during the last 2580 years from palaeoecological analyses
of a seasonally flooded swamp. The Holocene 19:79–89
Bruner AG, Gullison RE, Balmford A (2004) Financial costs and shortfalls of managing and
expanding protected-area systems in developing countries. Bioscience 54:1119–1126
Bucini G, Hanan NP (2007) A continental-scale analysis of tree cover in African savannas. Glob
Ecol Biogeogr 16:593–605
Buisson E, Le Stradic S, Silveira FAO, Durigan G, Overbeck GE, Fidelis A, Fernandes GW, Bond
WJ, Hermann J-M, Mahy G, Alvarado ST, Zaloumis NP, Veldman JW (2019) Resilience and
restoration of tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and grassy woodlands. Biol Rev
94:590–609
Buitenwerf R, Bond W, Stevens N, Trollope W (2012) Increased tree densities in South African
savannas: >50 years of data suggests CO2 as a driver. Glob Chang Biol 18:675–684
Chape S, Harrison J, Spalding M, Lysenko I (2005) Measuring the extent and effectiveness of
protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol
Sci 360:443–455
Charles-Dominique T, Davies TJ, Hempson GP, Bezeng BS, Daru BH, Kabongo RM, Maurin O,
Muasya AM, van der Bank M, Bond WJ (2016) Spiny plants, mammal browsers, and the origin
of African savannas. Proc Natl Acad Sci 113:E5572–E5579
Chazdon RL (2008) Beyond deforestation: restoring forests and ecosystem services on degraded
lands. Science 320:1458–1460
Chazdon RL, Laestadius L (2016) Forest and landscape restoration: toward a shared vision and
vocabulary. Am J Bot 103:1869–1871
Dahlberg AC (2000) Vegetation diversity and change in relation to land use, soil and rainfall—a
case study from North-East District, Botswana. J Arid Environ 44:19–40
Dargie GC, Lewis SL, Lawson IT, Mitchard ET, Page SE, Bocko YE, Ifo SA (2017) Age, extent
and carbon storage of the central Congo Basin peatland complex. Nature 542:86–90
de Menocal P, Ortiz J, Guilderson T, Adkins J, Sarnthein M, Baker L, Yarusinsky M (2000) Abrupt
onset and termination of the African Humid Period: rapid climate responses to gradual insolation forcing. Quat Sci Rev 19:347–361
De Namur C (1990) Aperçu sur la végétation de l’Afrique centrale atlantique. In: Paysages
quaternaires de l’Afrique centrale atlantique. ORSTOM, Paris, pp 60–67
De Wasseige C, De Marcken P, Bayol N, Hiol-Hiol F, Mayaux P, Desclée B, Nasi R, Billand A,
Defourny P, Atyi EA (2012) The forests of the Congo basin: state of the forest 2010. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg
Dechamps R, Lanfranchi R, Le Cocq A, Schwartz D (1988) Reconstitution d’environnements
quaternaires par l’étude de macrorestes végétaux.(Pays bateke, RP du Congo). Palaeogeogr
Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 66:33–44
Delègue M, Fuhr M, Schwartz D, Mariotti A, Nasi R (2001) Recent origin of a large part of the
forest cover in the Gabon coastal area based on stable carbon isotope data. Oecologia
129:106–113
Devine AP, McDonald RA, Quaife T, Maclean IM (2017) Determinants of woody encroachment
and cover in African savannas. Oecologia 183:939–951
Dewees PA (1994) Social and economic aspects of Miombo woodland management in southern
Africa: options and opportunities for research. CIFOR, Jakarta
Dexter K, Smart B, Baldauf C, Baker T, Balinga MB, Brienen R, Fauset S, Feldpausch T, FerreiraDa Silva L, Ilunga Muledi J (2015) Floristics and biogeography of vegetation in seasonally dry
tropical regions. Int For Rev 17:10–32
308
J. C. Aleman and A. Fayolle
past processes on the composition of the lowland Congo rainforest. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol
Sci 362:229–242
Brncic T, Willis K, Harris D, Telfer M, Bailey R (2009) Fire and climate change impacts on lowland
forest composition in northern Congo during the last 2580 years from palaeoecological analyses
of a seasonally flooded swamp. The Holocene 19:79–89
Bruner AG, Gullison RE, Balmford A (2004) Financial costs and shortfalls of managing and
expanding protected-area systems in developing countries. Bioscience 54:1119–1126
Bucini G, Hanan NP (2007) A continental-scale analysis of tree cover in African savannas. Glob
Ecol Biogeogr 16:593–605
Buisson E, Le Stradic S, Silveira FAO, Durigan G, Overbeck GE, Fidelis A, Fernandes GW, Bond
WJ, Hermann J-M, Mahy G, Alvarado ST, Zaloumis NP, Veldman JW (2019) Resilience and
restoration of tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and grassy woodlands. Biol Rev
94:590–609
Buitenwerf R, Bond W, Stevens N, Trollope W (2012) Increased tree densities in South African
savannas: >50 years of data suggests CO2 as a driver. Glob Chang Biol 18:675–684
Chape S, Harrison J, Spalding M, Lysenko I (2005) Measuring the extent and effectiveness of
protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol
Sci 360:443–455
Charles-Dominique T, Davies TJ, Hempson GP, Bezeng BS, Daru BH, Kabongo RM, Maurin O,
Muasya AM, van der Bank M, Bond WJ (2016) Spiny plants, mammal browsers, and the origin
of African savannas. Proc Natl Acad Sci 113:E5572–E5579
Chazdon RL (2008) Beyond deforestation: restoring forests and ecosystem services on degraded
lands. Science 320:1458–1460
Chazdon RL, Laestadius L (2016) Forest and landscape restoration: toward a shared vision and
vocabulary. Am J Bot 103:1869–1871
Dahlberg AC (2000) Vegetation diversity and change in relation to land use, soil and rainfall—a
case study from North-East District, Botswana. J Arid Environ 44:19–40
Dargie GC, Lewis SL, Lawson IT, Mitchard ET, Page SE, Bocko YE, Ifo SA (2017) Age, extent
and carbon storage of the central Congo Basin peatland complex. Nature 542:86–90
de Menocal P, Ortiz J, Guilderson T, Adkins J, Sarnthein M, Baker L, Yarusinsky M (2000) Abrupt
onset and termination of the African Humid Period: rapid climate responses to gradual insolation forcing. Quat Sci Rev 19:347–361
De Namur C (1990) Aperçu sur la végétation de l’Afrique centrale atlantique. In: Paysages
quaternaires de l’Afrique centrale atlantique. ORSTOM, Paris, pp 60–67
De Wasseige C, De Marcken P, Bayol N, Hiol-Hiol F, Mayaux P, Desclée B, Nasi R, Billand A,
Defourny P, Atyi EA (2012) The forests of the Congo basin: state of the forest 2010. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg
Dechamps R, Lanfranchi R, Le Cocq A, Schwartz D (1988) Reconstitution d’environnements
quaternaires par l’étude de macrorestes végétaux.(Pays bateke, RP du Congo). Palaeogeogr
Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 66:33–44
Delègue M, Fuhr M, Schwartz D, Mariotti A, Nasi R (2001) Recent origin of a large part of the
forest cover in the Gabon coastal area based on stable carbon isotope data. Oecologia
129:106–113
Devine AP, McDonald RA, Quaife T, Maclean IM (2017) Determinants of woody encroachment
and cover in African savannas. Oecologia 183:939–951
Dewees PA (1994) Social and economic aspects of Miombo woodland management in southern
Africa: options and opportunities for research. CIFOR, Jakarta
Dexter K, Smart B, Baldauf C, Baker T, Balinga MB, Brienen R, Fauset S, Feldpausch T, FerreiraDa Silva L, Ilunga Muledi J (2015) Floristics and biogeography of vegetation in seasonally dry
tropical regions. Int For Rev 17:10–32
308
J. C. Aleman and A. Fayolle