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Anhuf D, Ledru M-P, Behling H (2006) Paleo-environmental change in Amazonian and African
rainforest during the LGM. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 239:510–527
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Prasac, N’Djamena, Tchad—Cirad, Montpellier
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years: pollen analysis of Lake Bambili sediments. In: Blanco JA (ed) Forest ecosystems—more
than just trees. IntechOpen, Rijeka
Aubréville A (1939) Forêts reliques en Afrique Occidentale Française. Revue de botanique
appliquée et d’agriculture coloniale 19:479–484
Aubréville AMA (1947) The disappearance of the tropical forests of Africa. Unasylva (FAO)
1:5–11
Aubréville A (1957) Nomenclature of African vegetation types at Yangambi. Bois For Trop
51:23–27
Barnosky AD, Hadly EA, Gonzalez P, Head J, Polly PD, Lawing AM, Eronen JT, Ackerly DD,
Alex K, Biber E (2017) Merging paleobiology with conservation biology to guide the future of
terrestrial ecosystems. Science 355:eaah4787
Bassett TJ, Boutrais J (2000) Cattle and trees in the West African savanna. In: Contesting forestry in
West Africa. Ashgate Publishing Ltd., Aldershot, pp 242–263
Bastin J-F, Berrahmouni N, Grainger A, Maniatis D, Mollicone D, Moore R, Patriarca C, Picard N,
Sparrow B, Abraham EM (2017) The extent of forest in dryland biomes. Science 356:635–638
Bayol N, Demarquez B, De Wasseige C, Eba’a Atyi R, Fisher J-F, Nasi R, Pasquier A, Rossi X,
Steil M, Vivien C (2012) Forest management and the timber sector in Central Africa. In: The
forests of the Congo Basin—state of the forest 2010, pp 43–61
Bayon G, Dennielou B, Etoubleau J, Ponzevera E, Toucanne S, Bermell S (2012) Intensifying
weathering and land use in Iron Age Central Africa. Science 335:1219–1222
Bennett JM, Clarke RH, Horrocks GF, Thomson JR, Mac Nally R (2015) Climate drying amplifies
the effects of land-use change and interspecific interactions on birds. Landsc Ecol
30:2031–2043
Biwolé AB, Morin-Rivat J, Fayolle A, Bitondo D, Dedry L, Dainou K, Hardy OJ, Doucet J-L
(2015) New data on the recent history of the littoral forests of southern Cameroon: an insight
into the role of historical human disturbances on the current forest composition. Plant Ecol Evol
148:19–28
Bond WJ (2016) Ancient grasslands at risk. Science 351:120–122
Bond WJ, Parr CL (2010) Beyond the forest edge: ecology, diversity and conservation of the grassy
biomes. Biol Conserv 143:2395–2404
Bond W, Zaloumis NP (2016) The deforestation story: testing for anthropogenic origins of Africa’s
flammable grassy biomes. Philos Trans R Soc B 371:20150170
Bond W, Woodward F, Midgley G (2005) The global distribution of ecosystems in a world without
fire. New Phytol 165:525–538
Bostoen K, Clist B, Doumenge C, Grollemund R, Hombert J-M, Muluwa JK, Maley J (2015)
Middle to late holocene paleoclimatic change and the early Bantu expansion in the rain forests of
Western Central Africa. Curr Anthropol 56:354–384
Bradley E, McNamara K (1993) Living with trees. Policies for forestry management in Zimbabwe.
World Bank Group, Washington, DC
Bremond L, Bodin S, Bentaleb I, Favier C, Canal S (2017) Past tree cover of the Congo Basin
recovered by phytoliths and δ 13 C along soil profiles. Quat Int 434:91–101
9 Long-Term Vegetation Change in Central Africa: The Need for an Integrated. . .
307
Rigling A, Breshears DD, Hogg ET (2010) A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree
mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. For Ecol Manag 259:660–684
Anhuf D, Ledru M-P, Behling H (2006) Paleo-environmental change in Amazonian and African
rainforest during the LGM. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 239:510–527
Ankogui-Mpoko GF (2003) Gestion des espaces agropastoraux en zones de savanes centrafricaines:
De l’arbitrage de l’Etat à une cogestion. In: Seiny Boukar L, Jamin JY, Floret C (eds) Savanes
africaines: des espaces en mutation, des acteurs face à de nouveaux défis., Garoua, Cameroun.
Prasac, N’Djamena, Tchad—Cirad, Montpellier
Assi-Kaudjhis C (2012) Vegetation evolution in the mountains of Cameroon during the last 20 000
years: pollen analysis of Lake Bambili sediments. In: Blanco JA (ed) Forest ecosystems—more
than just trees. IntechOpen, Rijeka
Aubréville A (1939) Forêts reliques en Afrique Occidentale Française. Revue de botanique
appliquée et d’agriculture coloniale 19:479–484
Aubréville AMA (1947) The disappearance of the tropical forests of Africa. Unasylva (FAO)
1:5–11
Aubréville A (1957) Nomenclature of African vegetation types at Yangambi. Bois For Trop
51:23–27
Barnosky AD, Hadly EA, Gonzalez P, Head J, Polly PD, Lawing AM, Eronen JT, Ackerly DD,
Alex K, Biber E (2017) Merging paleobiology with conservation biology to guide the future of
terrestrial ecosystems. Science 355:eaah4787
Bassett TJ, Boutrais J (2000) Cattle and trees in the West African savanna. In: Contesting forestry in
West Africa. Ashgate Publishing Ltd., Aldershot, pp 242–263
Bastin J-F, Berrahmouni N, Grainger A, Maniatis D, Mollicone D, Moore R, Patriarca C, Picard N,
Sparrow B, Abraham EM (2017) The extent of forest in dryland biomes. Science 356:635–638
Bayol N, Demarquez B, De Wasseige C, Eba’a Atyi R, Fisher J-F, Nasi R, Pasquier A, Rossi X,
Steil M, Vivien C (2012) Forest management and the timber sector in Central Africa. In: The
forests of the Congo Basin—state of the forest 2010, pp 43–61
Bayon G, Dennielou B, Etoubleau J, Ponzevera E, Toucanne S, Bermell S (2012) Intensifying
weathering and land use in Iron Age Central Africa. Science 335:1219–1222
Bennett JM, Clarke RH, Horrocks GF, Thomson JR, Mac Nally R (2015) Climate drying amplifies
the effects of land-use change and interspecific interactions on birds. Landsc Ecol
30:2031–2043
Biwolé AB, Morin-Rivat J, Fayolle A, Bitondo D, Dedry L, Dainou K, Hardy OJ, Doucet J-L
(2015) New data on the recent history of the littoral forests of southern Cameroon: an insight
into the role of historical human disturbances on the current forest composition. Plant Ecol Evol
148:19–28
Bond WJ (2016) Ancient grasslands at risk. Science 351:120–122
Bond WJ, Parr CL (2010) Beyond the forest edge: ecology, diversity and conservation of the grassy
biomes. Biol Conserv 143:2395–2404
Bond W, Zaloumis NP (2016) The deforestation story: testing for anthropogenic origins of Africa’s
flammable grassy biomes. Philos Trans R Soc B 371:20150170
Bond W, Woodward F, Midgley G (2005) The global distribution of ecosystems in a world without
fire. New Phytol 165:525–538
Bostoen K, Clist B, Doumenge C, Grollemund R, Hombert J-M, Muluwa JK, Maley J (2015)
Middle to late holocene paleoclimatic change and the early Bantu expansion in the rain forests of
Western Central Africa. Curr Anthropol 56:354–384
Bradley E, McNamara K (1993) Living with trees. Policies for forestry management in Zimbabwe.
World Bank Group, Washington, DC
Bremond L, Bodin S, Bentaleb I, Favier C, Canal S (2017) Past tree cover of the Congo Basin
recovered by phytoliths and δ 13 C along soil profiles. Quat Int 434:91–101
9 Long-Term Vegetation Change in Central Africa: The Need for an Integrated. . .
307