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livelihoods in Wa West District, Upper West Region of Ghana. J Disaster Res 9:516–528
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of social resilience to the threat of water scarcity. Ecol Soc 11(2):18
Lehmann C, Anderson T, Sankran M, Higgins S, Archibald S, Hoffmann W et al (2014) Savanna
vegetation-fire-climate relationships differ among continents. Science 343(6170):548–552
Lolig V et al (2014) Households’ coping strategies in drought- and flood-prone communities in
Northern Ghana. J Disaster Res 9(4):542–553
Ludwig D, Walker B, Holling CS (1997) Sustainability, stability, and resilience. Conserv Ecol.
[online] 1(1):7
Magis K (2010) Community resilience: an indicator of social sustainability. Soc Natur Resour 23
(5):401–416
Magnan AK, Skipper ELF, Burkett M, Bharwani S, Burton I, Eriksen S, Ziervogel G (2016)
Addressing the risk of maladaptation to climate change. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Clim Chang 7
(5):646–665. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.409
Manyena S (2006) The concept of resilience revisited. Disasters 30(4):434–450
Mortimore MJ, and Adams WM. (2001). Farmer adaptation, change and ‘crisis’ in the Sahel. Global
Environ Change—Human and Policy Dimensions 11: 49–57
Musah BAN, Akai CY (2014) Effects of flood disasters on livelihood coping mechanism in Tolon/
Kumbumgu district of northern region of Ghana. Int J Agric Policy Res 2(1):033–040
Musah BAN, Oloruntoba A (2013) Effects of seasonal floods on households’ livelihoods and food
security in Tolon/Kumbungu of the northern region, Ghana. Am J Res Commun 1(8):160–171
NADMO (National Disaster Management Organisation). Annual Report 2011; National Disaster
Management Organisation: Accra, Ghana
Narain U, Margulis S, Essam T (2011) Estimating costs of adaptation to climate change. Clim Pol
11(3):1001–1019. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2011.582387
NASAC (2015) Climate change adaptation and resilience in Africa. Recommendations to
policymakers, Network of African Science Academies
NDPC (National Development Planning Commission) (2014) Medium-term national development
policy framework: Ghana shared growth and development agenda II 2014–2017: vol II: policy
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In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects.
Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
Norris FH, Stevens SP, Pfefferbaum B, Wyche KF, Pfefferbaum RL (2008) Community resilience
as a metaphor, theory, set of capabilities, and strategy for disaster readiness. Am J Community
Psychol 41:127–150
Nyantakyi-Frimpong H, Bezner-Kerr R (2015) The relative importance of climate change in the
context of multiple stressors in semi-arid Ghana. Glob Environ Chang 32:40–56
O’Neill TA (2017) An overview of interrater agreement on likert scales for researchers and
practitioners. Front Psychol 8:777
Ohene E (2019) Rosewood, the timber to kill for. Retrieved from https://www.graphic.com.gh/
features/features/ghana-news-rosewood-the-timber-to-kill-for.html. June 27, 2019
Oteng-ababio M, Mariwah S, Kusi L (2017) Is the underdevelopment of northern Ghana a case of
environmental determinism or governance crisis? Ghana J Geogr 9(Special Issue):5–39
Owusu AB, Jakpa JT, Awere KG (2016) Smallholder farmers’ vulnerability to floods in the Tolon
District, Ghana. Interdiscip Environ Rev 17(3/4):286–311
6 Perceived Community Resilience to Floods and Droughts Induced by Climate Change. . . 217
trade-offs from high fuelwood use for traditional shea butter processing in semi-arid Ghana.
Ecosyst Serv 27:127–138
Kusakari Y, Asubonteng K, Jasaw G, Dayour F, Dzivenu T, Lolig V, Donkoh S, Obeng KF,
Gandaa B, Kranjac-Berisavljevic G (2014) Farmer-perceived effects of climate change on
livelihoods in Wa West District, Upper West Region of Ghana. J Disaster Res 9:516–528
Langridge R, Christian-Smith J, Lohse KA (2006) Access and resilience: analyzing the construction
of social resilience to the threat of water scarcity. Ecol Soc 11(2):18
Lehmann C, Anderson T, Sankran M, Higgins S, Archibald S, Hoffmann W et al (2014) Savanna
vegetation-fire-climate relationships differ among continents. Science 343(6170):548–552
Lolig V et al (2014) Households’ coping strategies in drought- and flood-prone communities in
Northern Ghana. J Disaster Res 9(4):542–553
Ludwig D, Walker B, Holling CS (1997) Sustainability, stability, and resilience. Conserv Ecol.
[online] 1(1):7
Magis K (2010) Community resilience: an indicator of social sustainability. Soc Natur Resour 23
(5):401–416
Magnan AK, Skipper ELF, Burkett M, Bharwani S, Burton I, Eriksen S, Ziervogel G (2016)
Addressing the risk of maladaptation to climate change. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Clim Chang 7
(5):646–665. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.409
Manyena S (2006) The concept of resilience revisited. Disasters 30(4):434–450
Mortimore MJ, and Adams WM. (2001). Farmer adaptation, change and ‘crisis’ in the Sahel. Global
Environ Change—Human and Policy Dimensions 11: 49–57
Musah BAN, Akai CY (2014) Effects of flood disasters on livelihood coping mechanism in Tolon/
Kumbumgu district of northern region of Ghana. Int J Agric Policy Res 2(1):033–040
Musah BAN, Oloruntoba A (2013) Effects of seasonal floods on households’ livelihoods and food
security in Tolon/Kumbungu of the northern region, Ghana. Am J Res Commun 1(8):160–171
NADMO (National Disaster Management Organisation). Annual Report 2011; National Disaster
Management Organisation: Accra, Ghana
Narain U, Margulis S, Essam T (2011) Estimating costs of adaptation to climate change. Clim Pol
11(3):1001–1019. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2011.582387
NASAC (2015) Climate change adaptation and resilience in Africa. Recommendations to
policymakers, Network of African Science Academies
NDPC (National Development Planning Commission) (2014) Medium-term national development
policy framework: Ghana shared growth and development agenda II 2014–2017: vol II: policy
framework. www.ndpc.gov.gh/downloads
Niang I, Ruppel OC, Abdrabo MA, Essel A Lennard C, Padgham J and Urquhart P (2014) Africa.
In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects.
Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
Norris FH, Stevens SP, Pfefferbaum B, Wyche KF, Pfefferbaum RL (2008) Community resilience
as a metaphor, theory, set of capabilities, and strategy for disaster readiness. Am J Community
Psychol 41:127–150
Nyantakyi-Frimpong H, Bezner-Kerr R (2015) The relative importance of climate change in the
context of multiple stressors in semi-arid Ghana. Glob Environ Chang 32:40–56
O’Neill TA (2017) An overview of interrater agreement on likert scales for researchers and
practitioners. Front Psychol 8:777
Ohene E (2019) Rosewood, the timber to kill for. Retrieved from https://www.graphic.com.gh/
features/features/ghana-news-rosewood-the-timber-to-kill-for.html. June 27, 2019
Oteng-ababio M, Mariwah S, Kusi L (2017) Is the underdevelopment of northern Ghana a case of
environmental determinism or governance crisis? Ghana J Geogr 9(Special Issue):5–39
Owusu AB, Jakpa JT, Awere KG (2016) Smallholder farmers’ vulnerability to floods in the Tolon
District, Ghana. Interdiscip Environ Rev 17(3/4):286–311
6 Perceived Community Resilience to Floods and Droughts Induced by Climate Change. . . 217