Conversion of Landscape Waste into Bio-coke Solid Fuel
115
Table 4 Average weight
daily landscape waste
Zone
Dry leaves (%) Gunny sacks a Weight (kg)
1
74
32.5
195
2
57
47.75
285.5
3
30
12.5
75
4
93
44.5
267
5
82
35.5
213
6
90
54.5
327
7
89
32
192
8
47
–
–
9
35
24
144
10
44
–
–
11
76
–
–
Total
1698.5 kg
a Average 1 gunny sack estimated by the contractors = 6 kg
4.3 Bio-coke Production and Analysis
The bio-coke was prepared using different ratios of EFB to dry leaves ratio such as
90:10, 50:50 and 0:100 (Fig. 7). After pyrolysis, the biomass showed an increase in
carbon content and it is attributed to the great influence of dehydration, which also
makes a slight reduction of hydrogen content indicating that the bio-coke produced
at moderate temperature was pyrolyzed more thoroughly (Yang et al. 2016). The
products, generated by the polymerization of these radicals and precursor which is
formed by the macro-molecules cracking, deposit on the EFB: dry leaves bio-coke
leading to an increase in C and H content. It is ascribed that the large amount of
dehydration which reduces the chemical bonds resulting in an increase in the relative
proportion of oxygen-free functional groups (Montiano et al. 2014c).
Among the three products, Product 1 (i.e. 90:10) was found to have slightly
higher calorific value than the other two products. The calorific content of product
1 was found to have 17357.5 J/g, while product 2 and product 3 had an average
caloric value of 17338 J/g and 17186.6 J/g, respectively. There are many factors
influencing a pyrolysis process such as effect of particle size, heating rate and the
properties of biomass itself. The results of the calorific content of bio-coke are given
in Table 5. The calorific value was also declined from EFB: Dry Leaves ratio of
90:10 to 100% leaves bio-coke. The higher heating value of product 1 could be
attributed to the low resistance of hemicellulose toward thermal degradation and
also depends on moisture and ash content (Suopajärvi et al. 2018). According to
Suhartini et al., the calorific value of fuel bio-coke is directly proportional to the
removal of volatile matter and moisture content. High volatile matter content of the
biomass makes it contribute more fractional heat, and, consequently, make it more
reactive than coal. Thus, biomass solid fuel has a faster combustion rate during the
115
Table 4 Average weight
daily landscape waste
Zone
Dry leaves (%) Gunny sacks a Weight (kg)
1
74
32.5
195
2
57
47.75
285.5
3
30
12.5
75
4
93
44.5
267
5
82
35.5
213
6
90
54.5
327
7
89
32
192
8
47
–
–
9
35
24
144
10
44
–
–
11
76
–
–
Total
1698.5 kg
a Average 1 gunny sack estimated by the contractors = 6 kg
4.3 Bio-coke Production and Analysis
The bio-coke was prepared using different ratios of EFB to dry leaves ratio such as
90:10, 50:50 and 0:100 (Fig. 7). After pyrolysis, the biomass showed an increase in
carbon content and it is attributed to the great influence of dehydration, which also
makes a slight reduction of hydrogen content indicating that the bio-coke produced
at moderate temperature was pyrolyzed more thoroughly (Yang et al. 2016). The
products, generated by the polymerization of these radicals and precursor which is
formed by the macro-molecules cracking, deposit on the EFB: dry leaves bio-coke
leading to an increase in C and H content. It is ascribed that the large amount of
dehydration which reduces the chemical bonds resulting in an increase in the relative
proportion of oxygen-free functional groups (Montiano et al. 2014c).
Among the three products, Product 1 (i.e. 90:10) was found to have slightly
higher calorific value than the other two products. The calorific content of product
1 was found to have 17357.5 J/g, while product 2 and product 3 had an average
caloric value of 17338 J/g and 17186.6 J/g, respectively. There are many factors
influencing a pyrolysis process such as effect of particle size, heating rate and the
properties of biomass itself. The results of the calorific content of bio-coke are given
in Table 5. The calorific value was also declined from EFB: Dry Leaves ratio of
90:10 to 100% leaves bio-coke. The higher heating value of product 1 could be
attributed to the low resistance of hemicellulose toward thermal degradation and
also depends on moisture and ash content (Suopajärvi et al. 2018). According to
Suhartini et al., the calorific value of fuel bio-coke is directly proportional to the
removal of volatile matter and moisture content. High volatile matter content of the
biomass makes it contribute more fractional heat, and, consequently, make it more
reactive than coal. Thus, biomass solid fuel has a faster combustion rate during the