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S. Krishnan et al.
a three different aspect ratio of 90:10, 50:50, 0:100) were pyrolyzed at a highly compressed state and at moderate temperature (160 °C). The calorific analyses revealed
that bio-coke (Product 1, Product 2, Product 3) had an energy density of 17520.7 J/g,
17338 J/g, and 17186.6 J/g, respectively. Conversion of the landscape waste into
solid fuel; bio-coke is the best way to treat the abandon landscape waste.
1 Introduction
Nowadays, the rapid development pace in our country, especially in the capitals,
has encouraged new buildings to be erected everywhere. In addition, an increase
in population growth rate and huge economic activities in urban areas cause an
increase in the waste generation as a by-product of these civil developments (Peters
and Luengen 2011). Landscape waste also includes green or garden waste materials such as branches, bushes and tree stumps. Although the development destroys
the landscape, the aim to be a sustainable development country is not forgotten and
developers must promote the initiative to treat the landscape wastes. The amount of
landscape waste at landfills increases from year to year. To overcome the problem of
uncontrolled dumping of waste, people burn the waste frequently and this method is
not environmental-friendly. The landscape wastes that dump or buried in the landfill
take a period of time to decompose but the wastes are increasing from day to day. Processing and recycling landscape waste will extend the life of the landfill by 20 years
(Lauri et al. 2014). The landfill life will be shortened and next, it will no longer handle the increasing the amount of the wastes. Furthermore, there is also a problem in
agricultural landfills which are the best places for insects such as Isoptera (termites)
and Diptera (mosquito) groups to thrive. These sites are also a breeding ground for
rats. They can cause serious diseases such as Dengue (caused by mosquitoes) and
Leptospirosis (caused by rats).
There is a general lack of awareness towards sustainable management of landscape
wastes. The maturity of the trees is the main factor that contributes to the landscape
wastes generation. Although recycling activities have been growing in recent years,
landscape waste has been a largely ignored source. Landscape waste can be valuable
by converting them into solid fuel. The steps taken to produce a final output such as
bio-coke are the best choice for sustainable waste management (Mizuno et al. 2011).
The production of bio-coke is performed by mixing landscape waste with dry leaves,
twigs, branches, woods and palm trees. In addition to bringing economic values, biocoke also helps in minimizing the amount of landscape waste that is being dumped
into landfills and increasing the amount of the wastes due to ever growing of the
trees will cause the wastage of the landfill area uses to dump the landscape wastes.
The study on conversion of landscape wastes into bio-coke solid fuel will determine
either it can be one of the solutions to treat the wastes.
There are not enough biomass utilization technologies to simultaneously achieve
the two targets: the utilization of about 80% waste biomass and 6 percent reduction
in the amount of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions. Thus, it is a necessity to develop
S. Krishnan et al.
a three different aspect ratio of 90:10, 50:50, 0:100) were pyrolyzed at a highly compressed state and at moderate temperature (160 °C). The calorific analyses revealed
that bio-coke (Product 1, Product 2, Product 3) had an energy density of 17520.7 J/g,
17338 J/g, and 17186.6 J/g, respectively. Conversion of the landscape waste into
solid fuel; bio-coke is the best way to treat the abandon landscape waste.
1 Introduction
Nowadays, the rapid development pace in our country, especially in the capitals,
has encouraged new buildings to be erected everywhere. In addition, an increase
in population growth rate and huge economic activities in urban areas cause an
increase in the waste generation as a by-product of these civil developments (Peters
and Luengen 2011). Landscape waste also includes green or garden waste materials such as branches, bushes and tree stumps. Although the development destroys
the landscape, the aim to be a sustainable development country is not forgotten and
developers must promote the initiative to treat the landscape wastes. The amount of
landscape waste at landfills increases from year to year. To overcome the problem of
uncontrolled dumping of waste, people burn the waste frequently and this method is
not environmental-friendly. The landscape wastes that dump or buried in the landfill
take a period of time to decompose but the wastes are increasing from day to day. Processing and recycling landscape waste will extend the life of the landfill by 20 years
(Lauri et al. 2014). The landfill life will be shortened and next, it will no longer handle the increasing the amount of the wastes. Furthermore, there is also a problem in
agricultural landfills which are the best places for insects such as Isoptera (termites)
and Diptera (mosquito) groups to thrive. These sites are also a breeding ground for
rats. They can cause serious diseases such as Dengue (caused by mosquitoes) and
Leptospirosis (caused by rats).
There is a general lack of awareness towards sustainable management of landscape
wastes. The maturity of the trees is the main factor that contributes to the landscape
wastes generation. Although recycling activities have been growing in recent years,
landscape waste has been a largely ignored source. Landscape waste can be valuable
by converting them into solid fuel. The steps taken to produce a final output such as
bio-coke are the best choice for sustainable waste management (Mizuno et al. 2011).
The production of bio-coke is performed by mixing landscape waste with dry leaves,
twigs, branches, woods and palm trees. In addition to bringing economic values, biocoke also helps in minimizing the amount of landscape waste that is being dumped
into landfills and increasing the amount of the wastes due to ever growing of the
trees will cause the wastage of the landfill area uses to dump the landscape wastes.
The study on conversion of landscape wastes into bio-coke solid fuel will determine
either it can be one of the solutions to treat the wastes.
There are not enough biomass utilization technologies to simultaneously achieve
the two targets: the utilization of about 80% waste biomass and 6 percent reduction
in the amount of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions. Thus, it is a necessity to develop