Conversion of Landscape Waste into Bio-coke Solid Fuel
107
new technologies aimed at the utilization of unused biomass as energy and fuels
to solve the problems of emission control of waste biomass and CO 2 emissions
reduction (Mizuno et al. 2015). Bio-coke is classified as a solid fuel because it is a
solid material which is compatible with fuel utilization to provide thermal energy and
to generate electric power. Bio-coke, as a sustainable biomass-derived carbonaceous
solid fuel, is characterized by low sulphur content, high feedstock availability and
has an economically efficient production process (Murata et al. 2014). Hence, the
characteristics are attributed to bio-coke’s production route of biomass pyrolysis
(Montiano et al. 2014a), which is an irreversible process in which organic materials
undergo thermochemical decomposition at an elevated temperature with the absence
of oxygen. It is one of the environmental-friendly product that made up from the wood
wastes which is that is suitable to be replaced and can be used in the industries that
use coal as their energy to burning and it really suitable especially for metallurgical
industries. Production demonstration trials have shown that applicable raw materials
include used tea leaves, used ground coffee, rice husks, swine manure, wood waste
(konara oak, cherry tree), sawdust, tree bark, apple peel, banana peel, distillery waste,
soymeal, and reeds (Montiano et al. 2014b).
Therefore, this chapter deals with the identification the pattern of landscape wastes
generation in each zone in UTM region and evaluate the suitability using bio-coke
production as a new treatment option to treat the landscape wastes in order to justify
either final product, bio-coke meets the solution of the landscape wastes. This empirical evidence that with a sustainable treatment of landscape wastes can and will help
UTM in decreasing its landscape waste generation. The total area of study is 1222
hectare. The selection of UTM as the study area is because there is a huge amount
of landscape waste being dumped to landfills and the data on this dumping is not
recorded. This study will cover five out of eight main landscapes wastes which are
palm fronds, branches, dry leaves, tree branches, and twigs. These groups of wasted
are characterized according to their type and size. The collected dry leaves from the
UTM were mixed in different ratios (10, 50, 90%) with the palm oil empty fruit
bunches (EFB) and bio-coke was produced and the energy density was determined
(Fig. 1).
2 Methods
2.1 Landscape Waste Collection
The collection of landscape wastes is done daily with as much as two trips for some
cleaning zones. Collection forms were distributed to all contractors for the eleven
zones and they are required to complete the form and give back to the person in
charge in the office of the assets and development. Lorries weighing three tonnes are
used to collect landscape waste. The contractors used a weighting scale to estimate
the weight for each gunny sacks containing dry leaves, while other landscape wastes
107
new technologies aimed at the utilization of unused biomass as energy and fuels
to solve the problems of emission control of waste biomass and CO 2 emissions
reduction (Mizuno et al. 2015). Bio-coke is classified as a solid fuel because it is a
solid material which is compatible with fuel utilization to provide thermal energy and
to generate electric power. Bio-coke, as a sustainable biomass-derived carbonaceous
solid fuel, is characterized by low sulphur content, high feedstock availability and
has an economically efficient production process (Murata et al. 2014). Hence, the
characteristics are attributed to bio-coke’s production route of biomass pyrolysis
(Montiano et al. 2014a), which is an irreversible process in which organic materials
undergo thermochemical decomposition at an elevated temperature with the absence
of oxygen. It is one of the environmental-friendly product that made up from the wood
wastes which is that is suitable to be replaced and can be used in the industries that
use coal as their energy to burning and it really suitable especially for metallurgical
industries. Production demonstration trials have shown that applicable raw materials
include used tea leaves, used ground coffee, rice husks, swine manure, wood waste
(konara oak, cherry tree), sawdust, tree bark, apple peel, banana peel, distillery waste,
soymeal, and reeds (Montiano et al. 2014b).
Therefore, this chapter deals with the identification the pattern of landscape wastes
generation in each zone in UTM region and evaluate the suitability using bio-coke
production as a new treatment option to treat the landscape wastes in order to justify
either final product, bio-coke meets the solution of the landscape wastes. This empirical evidence that with a sustainable treatment of landscape wastes can and will help
UTM in decreasing its landscape waste generation. The total area of study is 1222
hectare. The selection of UTM as the study area is because there is a huge amount
of landscape waste being dumped to landfills and the data on this dumping is not
recorded. This study will cover five out of eight main landscapes wastes which are
palm fronds, branches, dry leaves, tree branches, and twigs. These groups of wasted
are characterized according to their type and size. The collected dry leaves from the
UTM were mixed in different ratios (10, 50, 90%) with the palm oil empty fruit
bunches (EFB) and bio-coke was produced and the energy density was determined
(Fig. 1).
2 Methods
2.1 Landscape Waste Collection
The collection of landscape wastes is done daily with as much as two trips for some
cleaning zones. Collection forms were distributed to all contractors for the eleven
zones and they are required to complete the form and give back to the person in
charge in the office of the assets and development. Lorries weighing three tonnes are
used to collect landscape waste. The contractors used a weighting scale to estimate
the weight for each gunny sacks containing dry leaves, while other landscape wastes