ways, evolution is a dynamic process that evolves and responds not in the sense of
perfection or progress but in the sense of adaptation to new conditions and life is at
the symbiome or holobiont level composed by of an integrated multigenomic genetic
pool, upon which natural selection acts. In this sense, the presence of symbionts can
help organisms to achieve a more efficient and faster adaptation, which is the key of
evolutive success.
Acknowledgments The author is grateful and expresses his sincere thanks to Maria Helena Costa
for the comments and suggestions on the text and to Helena Farrand-Carrapiço for the English
revision of the manuscript. Last but not the least, particular thanks to Christon J. Hurst for the
comments and suggestions.
Francisco Carrapiço
References
Apprill A (2020) The role of symbioses in the adaptation and stress responses of marine organisms.
Annu Rev Mar Sci 12:291–314
Archibald J (2014) One plus one equals one. Symbiosis and the evolution of complex life. Oxford
University Press, New York
Banskota S, Ghia J-E, Kha WI (2019) Serotonin in the gut: blessing or a curse. Biochimie
161:56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2018.06.008
Benemann JR (1973) Nitrogen fixation in termites. Science 181(4095):164–165
Boucher DH (1985) The idea of mutualism, past and future. In: Boucher DH (ed) The biology of
mutualism: ecology and evolution. Croom Helm Ltd., Oxford University Press, New York, pp
1–28
Braun-Howland EB, Nierzwicki-Bauer SA (1990) Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis: biochemistry,
physiology, ultrastructure, and molecular biology. In: Rai AN (ed) CRC handbook of symbiotic
cyanobacteria. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 65–117
Brice KL, Trivedi P, Jeffries TC, Blyton MDJ, Mitchell C, Singh BK, Moore BD (2019) The koala
(Phascolarctos cinereus) faecal microbiome differs with diet in a wild population. PeerJ 7:
e6534. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6534
Carrapiço F (2002) The Azolla-Anabaena-Bacteria system as a natural microcosm. Proc SPIE
4495:261–265
608
F. Carrapiço
perfection or progress but in the sense of adaptation to new conditions and life is at
the symbiome or holobiont level composed by of an integrated multigenomic genetic
pool, upon which natural selection acts. In this sense, the presence of symbionts can
help organisms to achieve a more efficient and faster adaptation, which is the key of
evolutive success.
Acknowledgments The author is grateful and expresses his sincere thanks to Maria Helena Costa
for the comments and suggestions on the text and to Helena Farrand-Carrapiço for the English
revision of the manuscript. Last but not the least, particular thanks to Christon J. Hurst for the
comments and suggestions.
Francisco Carrapiço
References
Apprill A (2020) The role of symbioses in the adaptation and stress responses of marine organisms.
Annu Rev Mar Sci 12:291–314
Archibald J (2014) One plus one equals one. Symbiosis and the evolution of complex life. Oxford
University Press, New York
Banskota S, Ghia J-E, Kha WI (2019) Serotonin in the gut: blessing or a curse. Biochimie
161:56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2018.06.008
Benemann JR (1973) Nitrogen fixation in termites. Science 181(4095):164–165
Boucher DH (1985) The idea of mutualism, past and future. In: Boucher DH (ed) The biology of
mutualism: ecology and evolution. Croom Helm Ltd., Oxford University Press, New York, pp
1–28
Braun-Howland EB, Nierzwicki-Bauer SA (1990) Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis: biochemistry,
physiology, ultrastructure, and molecular biology. In: Rai AN (ed) CRC handbook of symbiotic
cyanobacteria. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 65–117
Brice KL, Trivedi P, Jeffries TC, Blyton MDJ, Mitchell C, Singh BK, Moore BD (2019) The koala
(Phascolarctos cinereus) faecal microbiome differs with diet in a wild population. PeerJ 7:
e6534. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6534
Carrapiço F (2002) The Azolla-Anabaena-Bacteria system as a natural microcosm. Proc SPIE
4495:261–265
608
F. Carrapiço