Lanz TV, Platten M, Della Fazia MA, Piobbico D, Zelante T, Funakoshi H, Nakamura T,
Gilot D, Denison MS, Guillemin GJ, DuHadaway JB, Prendergast GC, Metz R, Geffard M,
Boon L, Pirro M, Iorio A, Veyret B, Romani L, Grohmann U, Fallarino F, Puccetti P (2014)
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor control of a disease tolerance defence pathway. Nature 511
(7508):184–190. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13323
Bilbo SD, Wray GA, Perkins SE, Parker W (2011) Reconstitution of the human biome as the most
reasonable solution for epidemics of allergic and autoimmune diseases. Med Hypotheses 77
(4):494–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2011.06.019
Black FL (1966) Measles endemicity in insular populations: critical community size and its
evolutionary implication. J Theor Biol 11(2):207–211. 0022-5193(66)90161-5 [pii]
Blackley CH (1873) Experimental researches on the causes and nature of catarrhus aestivus
(hay-fever and hay-asthma). Baillière Tindall and Cox, London
Bloomfield SF, Rook GA, Scott EA, Shanahan F, Stanwell-Smith R, Turner P (2016) Time to
abandon the hygiene hypothesis: new perspectives on allergic disease, the human microbiome,
infectious disease prevention and the role of targeted hygiene. Perspect Public Health 136
(4):213–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913916650225
Bobel TS, Hackl SB, Langgartner D, Jarczok MN, Rohleder N, Rook GA, Lowry CA, Gundel H,
Waller C, Reber SO (2018) Less immune activation following social stress in rural vs. urban
participants raised with regular or no animal contact, respectively. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115
(20):5259–5264. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719866115
Breidt F, McFeeters RF, Perez-Diaz I, Lee CW (2013) Fermented vegetables. In: Doyle MP,
Buchanan RL (eds) Food microbiology: fundamentals and frontiers, 4 edn. ASM,
Washington. https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555818463.ch33
Browne HP, Forster SC, Anonye BO, Kumar N, Neville BA, Stares MD, Goulding D, Lawley TD
(2016) Culturing of ‘unculturable’ human microbiota reveals novel taxa and extensive sporulation. Nature 533(7604):543–546. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17645
Buret AG, Motta J-P, Allain T, Ferraz J, Wallace JL (2019) Pathobiont release from dysbiotic gut
microbiota biofilms in intestinal inflammatory diseases: a role for iron? J Biomed Sci 26(1):1.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-018-0495-4
Burrows SM, Elbert W, Lawrence MG, Poeschl U (2009) Bacteria in the global atmosphere—part
1: review and synthesis of literature data for different ecosystems. Atmos Chem Phys
9:9263–9280. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-9263-2009
Camilli G, Tabouret G, Quintin J (2018) The complexity of fungal β-glucan in health and disease:
effects on the mononuclear phagocyte system. Front Immunol 9:673
Caspani G, Swann J (2019) Small talk: microbial metabolites involved in the signaling from
microbiota to brain. Curr Opin Pharmacol 48:99–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2019.08.
001
Casula G, Cutting SM (2002) Bacillus probiotics: spore germination in the gastrointestinal tract.
Appl Environ Microbiol 68(5):2344–2352
Catanzaro JR, Strauss JD, Bielecka A, Porto AF, Lobo FM, Urban A, Schofield WB, Palm NW
(2019) IgA-deficient humans exhibit gut microbiota dysbiosis despite secretion of compensatory IgM. Sci Rep 9(1):13574–13574. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49923-2
Cavalieri D, Rizzetto L, Tocci N, Rivero D, Asquini E, Si-Ammour A, Bonechi E, Ballerini C,
Viola R (2016) Plant microRNAs as novel immunomodulatory agents. Sci Rep 6:25761. https://
doi.org/10.1038/srep25761
Cekanaviciute E, Probstel AK, Thomann A, Runia TF, Casaccia P, Katz Sand I, Crabtree E,
Singh S, Morrissey J, Barba P, Gomez R, Knight R, Mazmanian S, Graves J, Cree BAC,
Zamvil SS, Baranzini SE (2018) Multiple sclerosis-associated changes in the composition and
immune functions of spore-forming bacteria. mSystems 3(6). https://doi.org/10.1128/
mSystems.00083-18
Charabati M, Donkers SJ, Kirkland MC, Osborne LC (2020) A critical analysis of helminth
immunotherapy in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458519899040
18 Darwinian Medicine: We Evolved to Require Continuing Contact with the. . .
355
Gilot D, Denison MS, Guillemin GJ, DuHadaway JB, Prendergast GC, Metz R, Geffard M,
Boon L, Pirro M, Iorio A, Veyret B, Romani L, Grohmann U, Fallarino F, Puccetti P (2014)
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor control of a disease tolerance defence pathway. Nature 511
(7508):184–190. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13323
Bilbo SD, Wray GA, Perkins SE, Parker W (2011) Reconstitution of the human biome as the most
reasonable solution for epidemics of allergic and autoimmune diseases. Med Hypotheses 77
(4):494–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2011.06.019
Black FL (1966) Measles endemicity in insular populations: critical community size and its
evolutionary implication. J Theor Biol 11(2):207–211. 0022-5193(66)90161-5 [pii]
Blackley CH (1873) Experimental researches on the causes and nature of catarrhus aestivus
(hay-fever and hay-asthma). Baillière Tindall and Cox, London
Bloomfield SF, Rook GA, Scott EA, Shanahan F, Stanwell-Smith R, Turner P (2016) Time to
abandon the hygiene hypothesis: new perspectives on allergic disease, the human microbiome,
infectious disease prevention and the role of targeted hygiene. Perspect Public Health 136
(4):213–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913916650225
Bobel TS, Hackl SB, Langgartner D, Jarczok MN, Rohleder N, Rook GA, Lowry CA, Gundel H,
Waller C, Reber SO (2018) Less immune activation following social stress in rural vs. urban
participants raised with regular or no animal contact, respectively. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115
(20):5259–5264. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719866115
Breidt F, McFeeters RF, Perez-Diaz I, Lee CW (2013) Fermented vegetables. In: Doyle MP,
Buchanan RL (eds) Food microbiology: fundamentals and frontiers, 4 edn. ASM,
Washington. https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555818463.ch33
Browne HP, Forster SC, Anonye BO, Kumar N, Neville BA, Stares MD, Goulding D, Lawley TD
(2016) Culturing of ‘unculturable’ human microbiota reveals novel taxa and extensive sporulation. Nature 533(7604):543–546. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17645
Buret AG, Motta J-P, Allain T, Ferraz J, Wallace JL (2019) Pathobiont release from dysbiotic gut
microbiota biofilms in intestinal inflammatory diseases: a role for iron? J Biomed Sci 26(1):1.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-018-0495-4
Burrows SM, Elbert W, Lawrence MG, Poeschl U (2009) Bacteria in the global atmosphere—part
1: review and synthesis of literature data for different ecosystems. Atmos Chem Phys
9:9263–9280. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-9263-2009
Camilli G, Tabouret G, Quintin J (2018) The complexity of fungal β-glucan in health and disease:
effects on the mononuclear phagocyte system. Front Immunol 9:673
Caspani G, Swann J (2019) Small talk: microbial metabolites involved in the signaling from
microbiota to brain. Curr Opin Pharmacol 48:99–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2019.08.
001
Casula G, Cutting SM (2002) Bacillus probiotics: spore germination in the gastrointestinal tract.
Appl Environ Microbiol 68(5):2344–2352
Catanzaro JR, Strauss JD, Bielecka A, Porto AF, Lobo FM, Urban A, Schofield WB, Palm NW
(2019) IgA-deficient humans exhibit gut microbiota dysbiosis despite secretion of compensatory IgM. Sci Rep 9(1):13574–13574. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49923-2
Cavalieri D, Rizzetto L, Tocci N, Rivero D, Asquini E, Si-Ammour A, Bonechi E, Ballerini C,
Viola R (2016) Plant microRNAs as novel immunomodulatory agents. Sci Rep 6:25761. https://
doi.org/10.1038/srep25761
Cekanaviciute E, Probstel AK, Thomann A, Runia TF, Casaccia P, Katz Sand I, Crabtree E,
Singh S, Morrissey J, Barba P, Gomez R, Knight R, Mazmanian S, Graves J, Cree BAC,
Zamvil SS, Baranzini SE (2018) Multiple sclerosis-associated changes in the composition and
immune functions of spore-forming bacteria. mSystems 3(6). https://doi.org/10.1128/
mSystems.00083-18
Charabati M, Donkers SJ, Kirkland MC, Osborne LC (2020) A critical analysis of helminth
immunotherapy in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458519899040
18 Darwinian Medicine: We Evolved to Require Continuing Contact with the. . .
355