(Weber et al. 2015; Kirjavainen et al. 2019). This essay seeks to list some of the ways
in which microorganisms from nature might be exerting health benefits. Some of the
suggested mechanisms are speculative and require much more research, but the
purpose of this essay is to encourage such research, and to emphasise the need for an
evolutionary approach as suggested in the Old Friends Hypothesis.
Graham A. W. Rook
References
Aaby P, Benn CS (2020) Stopping live vaccines after disease eradication may increase mortality.
Vaccine 38(1):10–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.034
Abraham W, Monsanto Technology LLC (2010) Glyphosate formulations and their use for the
inhibition of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase. United States Patent. https://www.
google.com/patents/US7771736
Alves-Rosa F, Vulcano M, Beigier-Bompadre M, Fernández G, Palermo M, Isturiz MA (2002)
Interleukin-1beta induces in vivo tolerance to lipopolysaccharide in mice. Clin Exp Immunol
128(2):221–228. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01828.x
Andersson MA, Mikkola R, Kroppenstedt RM, Rainey FA, Peltola J, Helin J, Sivonen K,
Salkinoja-Salonen MS (1998) The mitochondrial toxin produced by Streptomyces griseus
strains isolated from an indoor environment is valinomycin. Appl Environ Microbiol 64
(12):4767–4773
Anstadt EJ, Fujiwara M, Wasko N, Nichols F, Clark RB (2016) TLR tolerance as a treatment for
central nervous system autoimmunity. J Immunol 197(6):2110. https://doi.org/10.4049/
jimmunol.1600876
Bar-On YM, Phillips R, Milo R (2018) The biomass distribution on Earth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
115(25):6506. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711842115
Batinovic S, Wassef F, Knowler SA, Rice DTF, Stanton CR, Rose J, Tucci J, Nittami T, Vinh A,
Drummond GR, Sobey CG, Chan HT, Seviour RJ, Petrovski S, Franks AE (2019) Bacteriophages in natural and artificial environments. Pathogens 8(3):100. https://doi.org/10.3390/
pathogens8030100
Benitez-Cabello A, Bautista-Gallego J, Garrido-Fernandez A, Rantsiou K, Cocolin L, JimenezDiaz R, Arroyo-Lopez FN (2016) RT-PCR-DGGE analysis to elucidate the dominant bacterial
species of industrial spanish-style green table olive fermentations. Front Microbiol 7:1291.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01291
Bessede A, Gargaro M, Pallotta MT, Matino D, Servillo G, Brunacci C, Bicciato S, Mazza EM,
Macchiarulo A, Vacca C, Iannitti R, Tissi L, Volpi C, Belladonna ML, Orabona C, Bianchi R,
354
G. A. W. Rook
in which microorganisms from nature might be exerting health benefits. Some of the
suggested mechanisms are speculative and require much more research, but the
purpose of this essay is to encourage such research, and to emphasise the need for an
evolutionary approach as suggested in the Old Friends Hypothesis.
Graham A. W. Rook
References
Aaby P, Benn CS (2020) Stopping live vaccines after disease eradication may increase mortality.
Vaccine 38(1):10–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.034
Abraham W, Monsanto Technology LLC (2010) Glyphosate formulations and their use for the
inhibition of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase. United States Patent. https://www.
google.com/patents/US7771736
Alves-Rosa F, Vulcano M, Beigier-Bompadre M, Fernández G, Palermo M, Isturiz MA (2002)
Interleukin-1beta induces in vivo tolerance to lipopolysaccharide in mice. Clin Exp Immunol
128(2):221–228. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01828.x
Andersson MA, Mikkola R, Kroppenstedt RM, Rainey FA, Peltola J, Helin J, Sivonen K,
Salkinoja-Salonen MS (1998) The mitochondrial toxin produced by Streptomyces griseus
strains isolated from an indoor environment is valinomycin. Appl Environ Microbiol 64
(12):4767–4773
Anstadt EJ, Fujiwara M, Wasko N, Nichols F, Clark RB (2016) TLR tolerance as a treatment for
central nervous system autoimmunity. J Immunol 197(6):2110. https://doi.org/10.4049/
jimmunol.1600876
Bar-On YM, Phillips R, Milo R (2018) The biomass distribution on Earth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
115(25):6506. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711842115
Batinovic S, Wassef F, Knowler SA, Rice DTF, Stanton CR, Rose J, Tucci J, Nittami T, Vinh A,
Drummond GR, Sobey CG, Chan HT, Seviour RJ, Petrovski S, Franks AE (2019) Bacteriophages in natural and artificial environments. Pathogens 8(3):100. https://doi.org/10.3390/
pathogens8030100
Benitez-Cabello A, Bautista-Gallego J, Garrido-Fernandez A, Rantsiou K, Cocolin L, JimenezDiaz R, Arroyo-Lopez FN (2016) RT-PCR-DGGE analysis to elucidate the dominant bacterial
species of industrial spanish-style green table olive fermentations. Front Microbiol 7:1291.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01291
Bessede A, Gargaro M, Pallotta MT, Matino D, Servillo G, Brunacci C, Bicciato S, Mazza EM,
Macchiarulo A, Vacca C, Iannitti R, Tissi L, Volpi C, Belladonna ML, Orabona C, Bianchi R,
354
G. A. W. Rook