202
8
References
Ag Baye, C. 1993. The process of a peace agreement. Between the movements and the United Fronts
of Azawad and the government of Mali. In ‘…Never drink from the same cup’. Proceedings of the
conference on indigenous peoples in Africa. Tune, Denmark, 1993. IWGIA Document No. 74, ed.
H. Veber, J. Dahl, F. Wilson, and E. Wæhle, 247–256. Copenhagen: IWGIA.
Barnett, J. 2003. Security and climate change. Global Environmental Change 13: 7–17.
Bassett, T.J. 1988. The political ecology of peasant-herder conflicts in the northern Ivory Coast.
Annals of the Association of American Geographers 78 (3): 453–472.
Benjaminsen, T.A. 2001. The population-agriculture-environment nexus in the Malian cotton zone.
Global Environmental Change 11 (4): 27–39.
———. 2008. Does supply-induced scarcity drive violent conflicts in the African Sahel? The case of
the Tuareg rebellion in northern Mali. Journal of Peace Research 45 (6): 831–848.
———. 2016. Does climate change lead to conflicts in the Sahel? In The end of desertification?
Disputing environmental change in the drylands, ed. R. Behnke and M. Mortimore. Heidelberg:
Springer.
Benjaminsen, T.A., and B. Ba. 2019. Why do pastoralists in Mali join jihadist groups? A political
ecological explanation. Journal of Peasant Studies 46 (1): 1–20.
Benjaminsen, T.A., and G. Berge. 2004. Myths of Timbuktu – From African El Dorado to desertification. International Journal of Political Economy 34 (1): 31–59.
Benjaminsen, T.A., and P. Hiernaux. 2019. From desiccation to global climate change: A history of
the desertification narrative in the West African Sahel, 1900-2018. Global Environment 12: 206–
236.
Benjaminsen, T.A., K. Alinon, H. Buhaug and J.T. Buseth. 2012. Does climate change drive land-use
conflicts in the Sahel? Journal of Peace Research 49 (1), 97–111.
Berge, G. 2000. In defence of pastoralism: Form and flux among Tuaregs in northern Mali. PhD dissertation, Department of Social Anthropology, University of Oslo.
Biasutti, M. 2013. Forced Sahel rainfall trends in the CMIP5 archive. Journal of Geophysical Research:
Atmospheres 118: 1613–1623.
Boisvert, M.A. 2015. Failing at violence: The longer-lasting impact of pro-government militias in
northern Mali since 2012. African Security 8: 272–298.
Boko, M., I. Niang, A. Nyong, C. Vogel, A. Githeko, M. Medany, B. Osman-Elasha, R. Tabo, and
P. Yanda. 2007. Africa. In Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability, ed.
M. Parry, O. Canziani, J. Palutikof, P. van der Linden, and C. Hanson, 433–467. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Boserup, E. 1965 (1993). The conditions of agricultural growth. London: Earthscan.
Bourgeot, A. 1990. Identité touarègue: de l’aristocratie à la revolution. Etudes Rurales 120: 129–162.
Brandt, M., P. Hiernaux, K. Rasmussen, C. Mbow, L. Kergoat, T. Tagesson, Y.Z. Ibrahim, A. Wélé,
C.J. Tucker, and R. Fensholt. 2016. Assessing woody vegetation trends in Sahelian drylands using
MODIS based seasonal metrics. Remote Sensing of Environment 183: 215–225.
Brown, O., A. Hammil, and R. McLeman. 2007. Climate change as the ‘new’ security threat:
Implications for Africa. International Affairs 83 (6): 1141–1154.
Buhaug, H., J. Nordkvelle, T. Bernauer, T. Böhmelt, M. Brzoska, J.W. Busby, A. Ciccone, H. Fjelde,
E. Gartzke, N.P. Gleditsch, J.A. Goldstone, H. Hegre, H. Holtermann, V. Koubi, J.S.A. Link,
P. Lujala, J. O’Loughlin, C. Raleigh, J. Scheffran, J. Schilling, T.G. Smith, O.M. Theisen,
R.S.J. Tol, H. Urdal, and N. Von Uexcull. 2014. One effect to rule them all? A comment on climate and conflict. Climate Change 127 (3–4): 391–397.
Buhaug, H., T.A. Benjaminsen, E. Sjaastad, and O.M. Theisen. 2015. Climate variability, food production shocks, and violent conflict in sub-Saharan Africa. Environmental Research Letters 10:
125015.
Buontempo, C., B. Booth, and W. Moufouma-Okia. 2010. The climate of the Sahel. In Global security
risks and West Africa. Development challenges, ed. P. Heinrigs and M. Trémolières, 58–71. Paris:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Charbonneau, B. 2020. Sahel: la gouvernance contre-insurrectionnelle. Bulletin Francopaix 5 (1): 1–8.
Chapter 8 · Climate Change, Scarcity and Conflicts in the Sahel
8
References
Ag Baye, C. 1993. The process of a peace agreement. Between the movements and the United Fronts
of Azawad and the government of Mali. In ‘…Never drink from the same cup’. Proceedings of the
conference on indigenous peoples in Africa. Tune, Denmark, 1993. IWGIA Document No. 74, ed.
H. Veber, J. Dahl, F. Wilson, and E. Wæhle, 247–256. Copenhagen: IWGIA.
Barnett, J. 2003. Security and climate change. Global Environmental Change 13: 7–17.
Bassett, T.J. 1988. The political ecology of peasant-herder conflicts in the northern Ivory Coast.
Annals of the Association of American Geographers 78 (3): 453–472.
Benjaminsen, T.A. 2001. The population-agriculture-environment nexus in the Malian cotton zone.
Global Environmental Change 11 (4): 27–39.
———. 2008. Does supply-induced scarcity drive violent conflicts in the African Sahel? The case of
the Tuareg rebellion in northern Mali. Journal of Peace Research 45 (6): 831–848.
———. 2016. Does climate change lead to conflicts in the Sahel? In The end of desertification?
Disputing environmental change in the drylands, ed. R. Behnke and M. Mortimore. Heidelberg:
Springer.
Benjaminsen, T.A., and B. Ba. 2019. Why do pastoralists in Mali join jihadist groups? A political
ecological explanation. Journal of Peasant Studies 46 (1): 1–20.
Benjaminsen, T.A., and G. Berge. 2004. Myths of Timbuktu – From African El Dorado to desertification. International Journal of Political Economy 34 (1): 31–59.
Benjaminsen, T.A., and P. Hiernaux. 2019. From desiccation to global climate change: A history of
the desertification narrative in the West African Sahel, 1900-2018. Global Environment 12: 206–
236.
Benjaminsen, T.A., K. Alinon, H. Buhaug and J.T. Buseth. 2012. Does climate change drive land-use
conflicts in the Sahel? Journal of Peace Research 49 (1), 97–111.
Berge, G. 2000. In defence of pastoralism: Form and flux among Tuaregs in northern Mali. PhD dissertation, Department of Social Anthropology, University of Oslo.
Biasutti, M. 2013. Forced Sahel rainfall trends in the CMIP5 archive. Journal of Geophysical Research:
Atmospheres 118: 1613–1623.
Boisvert, M.A. 2015. Failing at violence: The longer-lasting impact of pro-government militias in
northern Mali since 2012. African Security 8: 272–298.
Boko, M., I. Niang, A. Nyong, C. Vogel, A. Githeko, M. Medany, B. Osman-Elasha, R. Tabo, and
P. Yanda. 2007. Africa. In Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability, ed.
M. Parry, O. Canziani, J. Palutikof, P. van der Linden, and C. Hanson, 433–467. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Boserup, E. 1965 (1993). The conditions of agricultural growth. London: Earthscan.
Bourgeot, A. 1990. Identité touarègue: de l’aristocratie à la revolution. Etudes Rurales 120: 129–162.
Brandt, M., P. Hiernaux, K. Rasmussen, C. Mbow, L. Kergoat, T. Tagesson, Y.Z. Ibrahim, A. Wélé,
C.J. Tucker, and R. Fensholt. 2016. Assessing woody vegetation trends in Sahelian drylands using
MODIS based seasonal metrics. Remote Sensing of Environment 183: 215–225.
Brown, O., A. Hammil, and R. McLeman. 2007. Climate change as the ‘new’ security threat:
Implications for Africa. International Affairs 83 (6): 1141–1154.
Buhaug, H., J. Nordkvelle, T. Bernauer, T. Böhmelt, M. Brzoska, J.W. Busby, A. Ciccone, H. Fjelde,
E. Gartzke, N.P. Gleditsch, J.A. Goldstone, H. Hegre, H. Holtermann, V. Koubi, J.S.A. Link,
P. Lujala, J. O’Loughlin, C. Raleigh, J. Scheffran, J. Schilling, T.G. Smith, O.M. Theisen,
R.S.J. Tol, H. Urdal, and N. Von Uexcull. 2014. One effect to rule them all? A comment on climate and conflict. Climate Change 127 (3–4): 391–397.
Buhaug, H., T.A. Benjaminsen, E. Sjaastad, and O.M. Theisen. 2015. Climate variability, food production shocks, and violent conflict in sub-Saharan Africa. Environmental Research Letters 10:
125015.
Buontempo, C., B. Booth, and W. Moufouma-Okia. 2010. The climate of the Sahel. In Global security
risks and West Africa. Development challenges, ed. P. Heinrigs and M. Trémolières, 58–71. Paris:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Charbonneau, B. 2020. Sahel: la gouvernance contre-insurrectionnelle. Bulletin Francopaix 5 (1): 1–8.
Chapter 8 · Climate Change, Scarcity and Conflicts in the Sahel