Photo 7.2 Aerial photograph taken in 1960 of the border between Leliefontein
communal area and a private farm in Namaqualand. Livestock
densities were about the same on the two properties. (Source:
Department of Land Affairs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Photo 7.3 Aerial photograph taken in 1997 of the same area as in.
. Photo 7.2. One sees a clear fence-line contrast between the two
properties. Vegetation has increased on the private farm due to
subsidies from the government to reduce livestock numbers to
produce better quality meat for the market. (Source: Department
of Land Affairs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Photo 8.1 Tuareg pastoralists in northern Mali have rebelled against the
state at several occasions. (Photo: Carsten Sørensen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Photo 9.1 Improved floodgates on the Niger river in northern Mali funded
by the Norwegian Church Aid. (Photo: Norwegian Church Aid) . . . . . . . . 213
Photo 9.2 Monoculture of pine in a Green Resources plantation. 
(Photo: Tor A. Benjaminsen). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
XV
List of Photos