density. Aquat Bot 81:245–251. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.aquabot.2004.12.002
Gaut B, Lewis PO (1995) Success of maximum likelihood
phylogeny inference in the four-taxon case. Mol Biol
Evol
12:152–162.
https://doi.org/10.1093/
oxfordjournals.molbev.a040183
Ge X, Zhang N, Phillips GC et al (2012) Growing Lemna
minor in agricultural wastewater and converting the
duckweed biomass to ethanol. Bioresource Technol
124:485–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.
08.050
Gray SF (1821) A natural arrangement of British plants,
vol 2. Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, London
Grayum MH (1991) Systematic embryology of the
Aracae. Bot Rev 57:167–203. https://doi.org/10.
1007/BF02858562
Green AJ (2016) The importance of waterbirds as an
overlooked pathway of invasion for alien species.
Divers Distrib 22:239–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/
ddi.12392
Halder S, Venu P (2012) Lemna landoltii sp. nov.
(Lemnaceae) from India. Taiwania 58:12–14. https://
doi.org/10.6165/tai.2013.58.12
Hegelmaier F (1868) Die Lemnaceen: eine monographische Untersuchung. Engelmann, Leipzig
Hegelmaier F (1895) Systematische übersicht der Lemnaceen. Bot Jahrb Syst 21:268–305
Henriquez CL, Arias T, Pires JC et al (2014) Phylogenomics of the plant family Araceae. Mol Phyl Evol
75:91–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.
017
Hillman WS (1961) The Lemnaceae, or duckweeds. Bot
Rev 27:221–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860083
Hillman WS (1976) Calibrating duckweeds: light, clocks,
metabolism, flowering. Science 193:453–458. https://
doi.org/10.1126/science.193.4252.453
IPNI (The International Plant Names Index) (2018).
Published on the Internet. http://www.ipni.org.
accessed 22 May 2018
Jacobs DL (1947) An ecological life-history of Spirodela
polyrhiza (greater duckweed) with emphasis on the
turion phase. Ecol Monogr 17:437–469. https://doi.
org/10.2307/1948596
Jacono CC (2018) Landoltia punctata (G. Mey.) Les & D.
J. Crawford: U.S. Geological Survey, Nonindigenous
Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL, https://nas.
er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=1116.
Revision Date: 6/13/2002, Access Date: 5/23/2018
Jordan WC, Courtney MW, Neigel JE (1996) Low levels
of intraspecific genetic variation at a rapidly evolving
chloroplast DNA locus in North American duckweeds
(Lemnaceae). Am J Bot 83:430–43. https://doi.org/10.
1002/j.1537-2197.1996.tb12724.x
Keating RC (2002) Acoraceae and Araceae. In: Gregory M, Cutler DF (eds) Anatomy of the monocotyledons, vol 9. Oxford University Press, Oxford p, pp 1–
327
Kim J, Sanderson MJ (2008) Penalized likelihood phylogenetic inference: bridging the parsimony-likelihood
gap. Syst Biol 57:665–674. https://doi.org/10.1080/
10635150802422274
Kimball RT, Crawford DJ, Les DH et al (2003) Out of
Africa: molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of
Wolffiella (Lemnaceae). Biol J Linn Soc 79:565–576.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00210.x
Kück P, Mayer C, Wägele JW et al (2012) Long branch
effects distort maximum likelihood phylogenies in
simulations despite selection of the correct model.
PLoS ONE 7:e36593. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pone.0036593
Kvaček Z (1995) Limnobiophyllum Krassilov—a fossil
link between the Araceae and the Lemnaceae. Aquat
Bot 50:49–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(94)
00442-O
Laird RA, Barks PM (2018) Skimming the surface:
duckweed as a model system in ecology and evolution. Am J Bot 105:(not yet paginated). https://doi.org/
10.1002/ajb2.1194
Landolt E (1986) The family of Lemnaceae—a monographic study. Ver Geobot Inst ETH Stift Rübel 71:1–
563
Landolt E (1992a) Wolfiella caudata, a new Lemnaceae
species from the Bolivian Amazon region. Ber Geobot
Inst ETH Stift Rübel 58:121–123
Landolt E (1992b) The flowers of Wolffia australiana
(Lemnaceae). Ber Geobot Inst ETH Stift Rübel
58:132–137
Landolt E (1994) Taxonomy and ecology of the section
Wolffia of the genus Wolffia (Lemnaceae). Ber Geobot
Inst ETH Stift Rübel 60:137–151
Landolt E (1998) Lemna yungensis, a new duckweed
species from rocks of the Andean Yungas in Bolivia.
Bull Geobot Inst ETH 64:15–21
Landolt E (2000) Contribution on the Lemnaceae of
Ecuador. Fragm Flor Geobot 45:221–237
Landolt E, Kandeler R (1987) The family of Lemnaceae
—a monographic study, vol. 2. Ver Geobot Inst ETH
Stift Rübel 2:211–234
Lasfar S, Monette F, Millette L et al (2007) Intrinsic
growth rate: a new approach to evaluate the effects of
temperature, photoperiod and phosphorus–nitrogen
concentrations on duckweed growth under controlled
eutrophication. Water Res 41:2333–2340. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.01.059
Les DH, Crawford DJ (1999) Landoltia (Lemnaceae), a
new genus of duckweeds. Novon 9:530–533. https://
doi.org/10.2307/3392157
Les DH, Tippery NP (2013) In time and with water… the
systematics of alismatid monocotyledons. In:
Wilkin P, Mayo SJ (eds) Early events in monocot
evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
pp 118–164
Les DH, Landolt E, Crawford DJ (1997) Systematics of
the Lemnaceae (duckweeds): Inferences from micromolecular and morphological data. Plant Syst Evol
204:161–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00989203
Les DH, Crawford DJ, Landolt E et al (2002) Phylogeny
and systematics of Lemnaceae, the duckweed family.
36
N. P. Tippery and D. H. Les
1016/j.aquabot.2004.12.002
Gaut B, Lewis PO (1995) Success of maximum likelihood
phylogeny inference in the four-taxon case. Mol Biol
Evol
12:152–162.
https://doi.org/10.1093/
oxfordjournals.molbev.a040183
Ge X, Zhang N, Phillips GC et al (2012) Growing Lemna
minor in agricultural wastewater and converting the
duckweed biomass to ethanol. Bioresource Technol
124:485–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.
08.050
Gray SF (1821) A natural arrangement of British plants,
vol 2. Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, London
Grayum MH (1991) Systematic embryology of the
Aracae. Bot Rev 57:167–203. https://doi.org/10.
1007/BF02858562
Green AJ (2016) The importance of waterbirds as an
overlooked pathway of invasion for alien species.
Divers Distrib 22:239–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/
ddi.12392
Halder S, Venu P (2012) Lemna landoltii sp. nov.
(Lemnaceae) from India. Taiwania 58:12–14. https://
doi.org/10.6165/tai.2013.58.12
Hegelmaier F (1868) Die Lemnaceen: eine monographische Untersuchung. Engelmann, Leipzig
Hegelmaier F (1895) Systematische übersicht der Lemnaceen. Bot Jahrb Syst 21:268–305
Henriquez CL, Arias T, Pires JC et al (2014) Phylogenomics of the plant family Araceae. Mol Phyl Evol
75:91–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.
017
Hillman WS (1961) The Lemnaceae, or duckweeds. Bot
Rev 27:221–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860083
Hillman WS (1976) Calibrating duckweeds: light, clocks,
metabolism, flowering. Science 193:453–458. https://
doi.org/10.1126/science.193.4252.453
IPNI (The International Plant Names Index) (2018).
Published on the Internet. http://www.ipni.org.
accessed 22 May 2018
Jacobs DL (1947) An ecological life-history of Spirodela
polyrhiza (greater duckweed) with emphasis on the
turion phase. Ecol Monogr 17:437–469. https://doi.
org/10.2307/1948596
Jacono CC (2018) Landoltia punctata (G. Mey.) Les & D.
J. Crawford: U.S. Geological Survey, Nonindigenous
Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL, https://nas.
er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=1116.
Revision Date: 6/13/2002, Access Date: 5/23/2018
Jordan WC, Courtney MW, Neigel JE (1996) Low levels
of intraspecific genetic variation at a rapidly evolving
chloroplast DNA locus in North American duckweeds
(Lemnaceae). Am J Bot 83:430–43. https://doi.org/10.
1002/j.1537-2197.1996.tb12724.x
Keating RC (2002) Acoraceae and Araceae. In: Gregory M, Cutler DF (eds) Anatomy of the monocotyledons, vol 9. Oxford University Press, Oxford p, pp 1–
327
Kim J, Sanderson MJ (2008) Penalized likelihood phylogenetic inference: bridging the parsimony-likelihood
gap. Syst Biol 57:665–674. https://doi.org/10.1080/
10635150802422274
Kimball RT, Crawford DJ, Les DH et al (2003) Out of
Africa: molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of
Wolffiella (Lemnaceae). Biol J Linn Soc 79:565–576.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00210.x
Kück P, Mayer C, Wägele JW et al (2012) Long branch
effects distort maximum likelihood phylogenies in
simulations despite selection of the correct model.
PLoS ONE 7:e36593. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pone.0036593
Kvaček Z (1995) Limnobiophyllum Krassilov—a fossil
link between the Araceae and the Lemnaceae. Aquat
Bot 50:49–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(94)
00442-O
Laird RA, Barks PM (2018) Skimming the surface:
duckweed as a model system in ecology and evolution. Am J Bot 105:(not yet paginated). https://doi.org/
10.1002/ajb2.1194
Landolt E (1986) The family of Lemnaceae—a monographic study. Ver Geobot Inst ETH Stift Rübel 71:1–
563
Landolt E (1992a) Wolfiella caudata, a new Lemnaceae
species from the Bolivian Amazon region. Ber Geobot
Inst ETH Stift Rübel 58:121–123
Landolt E (1992b) The flowers of Wolffia australiana
(Lemnaceae). Ber Geobot Inst ETH Stift Rübel
58:132–137
Landolt E (1994) Taxonomy and ecology of the section
Wolffia of the genus Wolffia (Lemnaceae). Ber Geobot
Inst ETH Stift Rübel 60:137–151
Landolt E (1998) Lemna yungensis, a new duckweed
species from rocks of the Andean Yungas in Bolivia.
Bull Geobot Inst ETH 64:15–21
Landolt E (2000) Contribution on the Lemnaceae of
Ecuador. Fragm Flor Geobot 45:221–237
Landolt E, Kandeler R (1987) The family of Lemnaceae
—a monographic study, vol. 2. Ver Geobot Inst ETH
Stift Rübel 2:211–234
Lasfar S, Monette F, Millette L et al (2007) Intrinsic
growth rate: a new approach to evaluate the effects of
temperature, photoperiod and phosphorus–nitrogen
concentrations on duckweed growth under controlled
eutrophication. Water Res 41:2333–2340. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.01.059
Les DH, Crawford DJ (1999) Landoltia (Lemnaceae), a
new genus of duckweeds. Novon 9:530–533. https://
doi.org/10.2307/3392157
Les DH, Tippery NP (2013) In time and with water… the
systematics of alismatid monocotyledons. In:
Wilkin P, Mayo SJ (eds) Early events in monocot
evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
pp 118–164
Les DH, Landolt E, Crawford DJ (1997) Systematics of
the Lemnaceae (duckweeds): Inferences from micromolecular and morphological data. Plant Syst Evol
204:161–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00989203
Les DH, Crawford DJ, Landolt E et al (2002) Phylogeny
and systematics of Lemnaceae, the duckweed family.
36
N. P. Tippery and D. H. Les