Syst Bot 27:221–240. https://doi.org/10.1043/03636445-27.2.221
Les DH, Crawford DJ, Kimball RT et al (2003)
Biogeography of discontinuously distributed hydrophytes: a molecular appraisal of intercontinental
disjunctions. Int J Plant Sci 164:917–932. https://doi.
org/10.1086/378650
Lindley J (1846) The vegetable kingdom, ed 2. Bradbury
and Evans, London
Linnaeus C (1753) Species plantarum, vol 2. Laurentius
Salvius, Stockholm
Magallón S, Gómez-Acevedo S, Sánchez-Reyes LL et al
(2015) A metacalibrated time-tree documents the early
rise of flowering plant phylogenetic diversity. New
Phyt 207:437–453. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13264
Martirosyan EV, Ryzhova NN, Kochieva EZ et al (2009)
Analysis of chloroplast rps16 intron sequences in
Lemnaceae. Mol Biol 43:32–38. https://doi.org/10.
1134/S002689330
Mathews S (2009) Phylogenetic relationships among seed
plants: persistent questions and the limits of molecular
data. Am J Bot 96:228–236. https://doi.org/10.3732/
ajb.0800178
Mayo SJ, Bogner J, Boyce PC (1997) The genera of
Araceae. The Trustees, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Nauheimer L, Metzler D, Renner SS (2012) Global
history of the ancient monocot family Araceae inferred
with models accounting for past continental positions
and previous ranges based on fossils. New Phytol
195:938–950.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.
2012.04220.x
Oron G (1994) Duckweed culture for wastewater renovation and biomass production. Agr Water Manage
26:27–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(94)900
22-1
Paradis E (2013) Molecular dating of phylogenies by
likelihood methods: a comparison of models and a
new information criterion. Mol Phyl Evol 67:436–444.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.02.008
Parr LB, Perkins RG, Mason CF (2002) Reduction in
photosynthetic efficiency of Cladophora glomerata,
induced by overlying canopies of Lemna spp. Water
Res 36:1735–1742. https://doi.org/10.1016/S00431354(01)00395-5
Philippe H, Zhou Y, Brinkmann H et al (2005) Heterotachy and long-branch attraction in phylogenetics.
BMC Evol Biol 5:50. https://doi.org/10.1186/14712148-5-50
R Core Group (2018) R: A language and environment for
statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical
Computing, Vienna. https://www.r-project.org
Roijackers R, Szabó S, Scheffer M (2004) Experimental
analysis of the competition between algae and duckweed. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 160:401–412. https://
doi.org/10.1127/0003-9136/2004/0160-0401
Rusoff LL, Blakeney EW Jr, Culley DD Jr (1980)
Duckweeds (Lemnaceae family): a potential source of
protein and amino acids. J Agric Food Chem 28:848–
850. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60230a040
Sanderson MJ (2002) Estimating absolute rates of
molecular evolution and divergence times: a penalized
likelihood approach. Mol Biol Evol 19:101–109.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.
a003974
Schleiden MJ (1839) Prodromus monographiae Lemnacearum. Linnaea 13:385–392
Schreber JCD (1791) Genera plantarum, vol 2. Varrentrapp & Wenner, Frankfurt
Sculthorpe CD (1967) The biology of aquatic vascular
plants. St. Martin’s Press, New York
Sree KS, Bog M, Appenroth KJ (2016) Taxonomy of
duckweeds (Lemnaceae), potential new crop plants.
Emir J Food Agr 28:291–302. https://doi.org/10.9755/
ejfa.2016-01-038
Stockey RA, Hoffman GL, Rothwell GW (1997) The
fossil monocot Limnobiophyllum scutatum: resolving
the phylogeny of Lemnaceae. Am J Bot 84:355–368.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2446009
Stockey RA, Rothwell GW, Johnson KR (2007) Cobbania corrugata gen. et comb. nov. (Araceae): a floating
aquatic monocot from the Upper Cretaceous of
western North America. Am J Bot 94:609–624.
https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.94.4.609
Stockey RA, Rothwell GW, Johnson KR (2016) Evaluating relationships among floating aquatic monocots: a
new species of Cobbiana (Araceae) from the Upper
Maastrichtian of South Dakota. Int J Plant Sci
177:706–725. https://doi.org/10.1086/688285
Stomp AM (2005) The duckweeds: a valuable plant for
biomanufacturing. Biotechnol Ann Rev 11:69–99.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-2656(05)11002-3
Su H, Zhao Y, Jiang J et al (2014) Use of duckweed
(Landoltia punctata) as a fermentation substrate for
the production of higher alcohols as biofuels. Energ
Fuel 28:3206–3216. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef5003
35h
Tippery NP, Les DH (2011) Phylogenetic relationships
and morphological evolution in Nymphoides
(Menyanthaceae). Syst Bot 36:1101–1113. https://
doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605092
Tippery NP, Les DH, Crawford DJ (2015) Evaluation of
phylogenetic relationships in Lemnaceae using nuclear
ribosomal data. Plant Biol 17(s1):50–58. https://doi.
org/10.1111/plb.12203
Turland NJ, Wiersema JH, Barrie FR et al (eds) (2018)
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi,
and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen,
China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz
Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.
12705/Code.2018
Wang W, Messing J (2011) High-throughput sequencing
of three Lemnoideae (duckweeds) chloroplast genomes from total DNA. PLoS ONE 6:e24670. https://
doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024670
Wang W, Wu Y, Messing J (2012) The mitochondrial
genome of an aquatic plant. Spirodela polyrhiza. PLoS
One 7:e46747. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.
0046747
2 Tiny Plants with Enormous Potential: Phylogeny and Evolution …
37
Les DH, Crawford DJ, Kimball RT et al (2003)
Biogeography of discontinuously distributed hydrophytes: a molecular appraisal of intercontinental
disjunctions. Int J Plant Sci 164:917–932. https://doi.
org/10.1086/378650
Lindley J (1846) The vegetable kingdom, ed 2. Bradbury
and Evans, London
Linnaeus C (1753) Species plantarum, vol 2. Laurentius
Salvius, Stockholm
Magallón S, Gómez-Acevedo S, Sánchez-Reyes LL et al
(2015) A metacalibrated time-tree documents the early
rise of flowering plant phylogenetic diversity. New
Phyt 207:437–453. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13264
Martirosyan EV, Ryzhova NN, Kochieva EZ et al (2009)
Analysis of chloroplast rps16 intron sequences in
Lemnaceae. Mol Biol 43:32–38. https://doi.org/10.
1134/S002689330
Mathews S (2009) Phylogenetic relationships among seed
plants: persistent questions and the limits of molecular
data. Am J Bot 96:228–236. https://doi.org/10.3732/
ajb.0800178
Mayo SJ, Bogner J, Boyce PC (1997) The genera of
Araceae. The Trustees, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Nauheimer L, Metzler D, Renner SS (2012) Global
history of the ancient monocot family Araceae inferred
with models accounting for past continental positions
and previous ranges based on fossils. New Phytol
195:938–950.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.
2012.04220.x
Oron G (1994) Duckweed culture for wastewater renovation and biomass production. Agr Water Manage
26:27–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(94)900
22-1
Paradis E (2013) Molecular dating of phylogenies by
likelihood methods: a comparison of models and a
new information criterion. Mol Phyl Evol 67:436–444.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.02.008
Parr LB, Perkins RG, Mason CF (2002) Reduction in
photosynthetic efficiency of Cladophora glomerata,
induced by overlying canopies of Lemna spp. Water
Res 36:1735–1742. https://doi.org/10.1016/S00431354(01)00395-5
Philippe H, Zhou Y, Brinkmann H et al (2005) Heterotachy and long-branch attraction in phylogenetics.
BMC Evol Biol 5:50. https://doi.org/10.1186/14712148-5-50
R Core Group (2018) R: A language and environment for
statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical
Computing, Vienna. https://www.r-project.org
Roijackers R, Szabó S, Scheffer M (2004) Experimental
analysis of the competition between algae and duckweed. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 160:401–412. https://
doi.org/10.1127/0003-9136/2004/0160-0401
Rusoff LL, Blakeney EW Jr, Culley DD Jr (1980)
Duckweeds (Lemnaceae family): a potential source of
protein and amino acids. J Agric Food Chem 28:848–
850. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60230a040
Sanderson MJ (2002) Estimating absolute rates of
molecular evolution and divergence times: a penalized
likelihood approach. Mol Biol Evol 19:101–109.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.
a003974
Schleiden MJ (1839) Prodromus monographiae Lemnacearum. Linnaea 13:385–392
Schreber JCD (1791) Genera plantarum, vol 2. Varrentrapp & Wenner, Frankfurt
Sculthorpe CD (1967) The biology of aquatic vascular
plants. St. Martin’s Press, New York
Sree KS, Bog M, Appenroth KJ (2016) Taxonomy of
duckweeds (Lemnaceae), potential new crop plants.
Emir J Food Agr 28:291–302. https://doi.org/10.9755/
ejfa.2016-01-038
Stockey RA, Hoffman GL, Rothwell GW (1997) The
fossil monocot Limnobiophyllum scutatum: resolving
the phylogeny of Lemnaceae. Am J Bot 84:355–368.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2446009
Stockey RA, Rothwell GW, Johnson KR (2007) Cobbania corrugata gen. et comb. nov. (Araceae): a floating
aquatic monocot from the Upper Cretaceous of
western North America. Am J Bot 94:609–624.
https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.94.4.609
Stockey RA, Rothwell GW, Johnson KR (2016) Evaluating relationships among floating aquatic monocots: a
new species of Cobbiana (Araceae) from the Upper
Maastrichtian of South Dakota. Int J Plant Sci
177:706–725. https://doi.org/10.1086/688285
Stomp AM (2005) The duckweeds: a valuable plant for
biomanufacturing. Biotechnol Ann Rev 11:69–99.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-2656(05)11002-3
Su H, Zhao Y, Jiang J et al (2014) Use of duckweed
(Landoltia punctata) as a fermentation substrate for
the production of higher alcohols as biofuels. Energ
Fuel 28:3206–3216. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef5003
35h
Tippery NP, Les DH (2011) Phylogenetic relationships
and morphological evolution in Nymphoides
(Menyanthaceae). Syst Bot 36:1101–1113. https://
doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605092
Tippery NP, Les DH, Crawford DJ (2015) Evaluation of
phylogenetic relationships in Lemnaceae using nuclear
ribosomal data. Plant Biol 17(s1):50–58. https://doi.
org/10.1111/plb.12203
Turland NJ, Wiersema JH, Barrie FR et al (eds) (2018)
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi,
and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen,
China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz
Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.
12705/Code.2018
Wang W, Messing J (2011) High-throughput sequencing
of three Lemnoideae (duckweeds) chloroplast genomes from total DNA. PLoS ONE 6:e24670. https://
doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024670
Wang W, Wu Y, Messing J (2012) The mitochondrial
genome of an aquatic plant. Spirodela polyrhiza. PLoS
One 7:e46747. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.
0046747
2 Tiny Plants with Enormous Potential: Phylogeny and Evolution …
37