References
Apg, IV (The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) (2016) An
update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants:
APG IV. Bot J Linn Soc 181:1–20. https://doi.org/10.
1111/boj.12385
Appenroth KJ, Crawford DJ, Les DH (2015) After the
genome sequencing of duckweed—how to proceed
with research on the fastest growing angiosperm?
Plant Biol 17(s1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.
12248
Bog M, Baumbach H, Schween U et al (2010) Genetic
structure of the genus Lemna L. (Lemnaceae) as
revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism.
Planta 232:609–619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425010-1201-2
Bog M, Schneider P, Hellwig F et al (2013) Genetic
characterization and barcoding of taxa in the genus
Wolffia Horkel ex Schleid. (Lemnaceae) as revealed
by two plastidic markers and amplified fragment
length polymorphism (AFLP). Planta 237:1–13.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-012-1777-9
Bog M, Lautenschlager U, Landrock MF et al (2015)
Genetic characterization and barcoding of taxa in the
genera Landoltia and Spirodela (Lemnaceae) by three
plastidic markers and amplified fragment length
polymorphism (AFLP). Hydrobiologia 749:169–182.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-014-2163-3
Bog M, Landrock MF, Drefahl D, Sree KS, Appenroth KJ
(2018) Fingerprinting by amplified fragment length
polymorphism (AFLP) and barcoding by three plastidic markers in the genus Wolffiella Hegelm. Plant
Syst Evol 304:373–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00606-017-1482-z
Bonomo L, Pastorelli G, Zambon N (1997) Advantages
and limitations of duckweed-based wastewater treatment systems. Water Sci Technol 35:239–246. https://
doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00074-7
Borisjuk N, Chu P, Gutierrez R et al (2015) Assessment,
validation and deployment strategy of a two-barcode
protocol for facile genotyping of duckweed species.
Plant Biol 17(s1):42–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.
12229
Bruun-Lund S, Clement WL, Kjellberg F et al (2017)
First plastid phylogenomic study reveals potential
cyto-nuclear discordance in the evolutionary history of
Ficus L. (Moraceae). Mol Phyl Evol 109:93–104.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.031
Buzgo M (2001) Flower structure and development of
Araceae compared with alismatids and Acoraceae.
Bot J Linn Soc 136:393–425. https://doi.org/10.1111/
j.1095-8339.2001.tb00582.x
Brown R (1810) Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et
Insulae Van-Diemen. Taylor et Socii, London
Cabrera LI, Salazar GA, Chase MW et al (2008)
Phylogenetic relationships of aroids and duckweeds
(Araceae) inferred from coding and noncoding plastid
DNA. Am J Bot 95:1153–1165. https://doi.org/10.
3732/ajb.0800073
Cantó-Pastor A, Mollá-Morales A, Ernst E et al (2015)
Efficient transformation and artificial miRNA gene
silencing in Lemna minor. Plant Biol 17(s1):59–65.
https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12215
Ceschin S, Abati S, Leacche I et al (2017) Ecological
comparison between duckweeds in central Italy: The
invasive Lemna minuta vs the native L. minor. Plant
Biosyst
152:674–683.
https://doi.org/10.1080/
11263504.2017.1317671
Cheng JJ, Stomp AM (2009) Growing duckweed to
recover nutrients from wastewaters and for production
of fuel ethanol and animal feed. Clean-Soil Air Water
37:17–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.200800210
Coiffard C, Mohr BA (2018) Cretaceous tropical Alismatales in Africa: diversity, climate and evolution.
Bot J Linn Soc 188:117–131. https://doi.org/10.1093/
botlinnean/boy045
Coughlan NE, Kelly TC, Jansen MAK (2014) Mallard
duck (Anas platyrhynchos)-mediated dispersal of
Lemnaceae: a contributing factor in the spread of
invasive Lemna minuta? Plant Biol 17(s1):108–114.
https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12182
Coughlan NE, Kelly TC, Jansen MAK (2017) “Step by
step”: high frequency short-distance epizoochorous
dispersal of aquatic macrophytes. Biol Invasions
19:625–634.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-0161293-0
Crawford DJ, Landolt E (1995) Allozyme divergence
among species of Wolffia (Lemnaceae). Plant Syst
Evol 197:59–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00984632
Crawford DJ, Landolt E, Les DH (1996) An allozyme
study of two sibling species of Lemna (Lemnaceae)
with comments on their morphology, ecology and
distribution. Bull Torrey Bot Soc 123:1–6. https://doi.
org/10.2307/2996300
Crawford DJ, Landolt E, Les DH et al (1997) Allozyme
variation and the taxonomy of Wolffiella. Aquat Bot
58:43–54.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(97)
00012-0
Crawford DJ, Landolt E, Les DH et al (2005) Allozyme
variation within and divergence between Lemna gibba
and L. disperma: systematic and biogeographic implications. Aquat Bot 83:119–128. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.aquabot.2005.06.001
Crawford DJ, Landolt E, Les DH et al (2006) Speciation
in duckweeds (Lemnaceae): phylogenetic and ecological inferences. Aliso 22:231–242. https://doi.org/10.
5642/aliso.20062201.19
Cui W, Cheng JJ (2015) Growing duckweed for biofuel
production: a review. Plant Biol 17(s1):16–23. https://
doi.org/10.1111/plb.12216
Cusimano N, Bogner J, Mayo SJ et al (2011) Relationships within the Araceae: comparison of morphological patterns with molecular phylogenies. Am J Bot
98:654–668. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1000158
Driever SM, van Nes EH, Roijackers RMM (2005)
Growth limitation of Lemna minor due to high plant
2 Tiny Plants with Enormous Potential: Phylogeny and Evolution …
35
Apg, IV (The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) (2016) An
update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants:
APG IV. Bot J Linn Soc 181:1–20. https://doi.org/10.
1111/boj.12385
Appenroth KJ, Crawford DJ, Les DH (2015) After the
genome sequencing of duckweed—how to proceed
with research on the fastest growing angiosperm?
Plant Biol 17(s1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.
12248
Bog M, Baumbach H, Schween U et al (2010) Genetic
structure of the genus Lemna L. (Lemnaceae) as
revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism.
Planta 232:609–619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425010-1201-2
Bog M, Schneider P, Hellwig F et al (2013) Genetic
characterization and barcoding of taxa in the genus
Wolffia Horkel ex Schleid. (Lemnaceae) as revealed
by two plastidic markers and amplified fragment
length polymorphism (AFLP). Planta 237:1–13.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-012-1777-9
Bog M, Lautenschlager U, Landrock MF et al (2015)
Genetic characterization and barcoding of taxa in the
genera Landoltia and Spirodela (Lemnaceae) by three
plastidic markers and amplified fragment length
polymorphism (AFLP). Hydrobiologia 749:169–182.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-014-2163-3
Bog M, Landrock MF, Drefahl D, Sree KS, Appenroth KJ
(2018) Fingerprinting by amplified fragment length
polymorphism (AFLP) and barcoding by three plastidic markers in the genus Wolffiella Hegelm. Plant
Syst Evol 304:373–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00606-017-1482-z
Bonomo L, Pastorelli G, Zambon N (1997) Advantages
and limitations of duckweed-based wastewater treatment systems. Water Sci Technol 35:239–246. https://
doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00074-7
Borisjuk N, Chu P, Gutierrez R et al (2015) Assessment,
validation and deployment strategy of a two-barcode
protocol for facile genotyping of duckweed species.
Plant Biol 17(s1):42–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.
12229
Bruun-Lund S, Clement WL, Kjellberg F et al (2017)
First plastid phylogenomic study reveals potential
cyto-nuclear discordance in the evolutionary history of
Ficus L. (Moraceae). Mol Phyl Evol 109:93–104.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.031
Buzgo M (2001) Flower structure and development of
Araceae compared with alismatids and Acoraceae.
Bot J Linn Soc 136:393–425. https://doi.org/10.1111/
j.1095-8339.2001.tb00582.x
Brown R (1810) Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et
Insulae Van-Diemen. Taylor et Socii, London
Cabrera LI, Salazar GA, Chase MW et al (2008)
Phylogenetic relationships of aroids and duckweeds
(Araceae) inferred from coding and noncoding plastid
DNA. Am J Bot 95:1153–1165. https://doi.org/10.
3732/ajb.0800073
Cantó-Pastor A, Mollá-Morales A, Ernst E et al (2015)
Efficient transformation and artificial miRNA gene
silencing in Lemna minor. Plant Biol 17(s1):59–65.
https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12215
Ceschin S, Abati S, Leacche I et al (2017) Ecological
comparison between duckweeds in central Italy: The
invasive Lemna minuta vs the native L. minor. Plant
Biosyst
152:674–683.
https://doi.org/10.1080/
11263504.2017.1317671
Cheng JJ, Stomp AM (2009) Growing duckweed to
recover nutrients from wastewaters and for production
of fuel ethanol and animal feed. Clean-Soil Air Water
37:17–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.200800210
Coiffard C, Mohr BA (2018) Cretaceous tropical Alismatales in Africa: diversity, climate and evolution.
Bot J Linn Soc 188:117–131. https://doi.org/10.1093/
botlinnean/boy045
Coughlan NE, Kelly TC, Jansen MAK (2014) Mallard
duck (Anas platyrhynchos)-mediated dispersal of
Lemnaceae: a contributing factor in the spread of
invasive Lemna minuta? Plant Biol 17(s1):108–114.
https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12182
Coughlan NE, Kelly TC, Jansen MAK (2017) “Step by
step”: high frequency short-distance epizoochorous
dispersal of aquatic macrophytes. Biol Invasions
19:625–634.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-0161293-0
Crawford DJ, Landolt E (1995) Allozyme divergence
among species of Wolffia (Lemnaceae). Plant Syst
Evol 197:59–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00984632
Crawford DJ, Landolt E, Les DH (1996) An allozyme
study of two sibling species of Lemna (Lemnaceae)
with comments on their morphology, ecology and
distribution. Bull Torrey Bot Soc 123:1–6. https://doi.
org/10.2307/2996300
Crawford DJ, Landolt E, Les DH et al (1997) Allozyme
variation and the taxonomy of Wolffiella. Aquat Bot
58:43–54.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(97)
00012-0
Crawford DJ, Landolt E, Les DH et al (2005) Allozyme
variation within and divergence between Lemna gibba
and L. disperma: systematic and biogeographic implications. Aquat Bot 83:119–128. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.aquabot.2005.06.001
Crawford DJ, Landolt E, Les DH et al (2006) Speciation
in duckweeds (Lemnaceae): phylogenetic and ecological inferences. Aliso 22:231–242. https://doi.org/10.
5642/aliso.20062201.19
Cui W, Cheng JJ (2015) Growing duckweed for biofuel
production: a review. Plant Biol 17(s1):16–23. https://
doi.org/10.1111/plb.12216
Cusimano N, Bogner J, Mayo SJ et al (2011) Relationships within the Araceae: comparison of morphological patterns with molecular phylogenies. Am J Bot
98:654–668. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1000158
Driever SM, van Nes EH, Roijackers RMM (2005)
Growth limitation of Lemna minor due to high plant
2 Tiny Plants with Enormous Potential: Phylogeny and Evolution …
35