Hussain CM (ed) Handbook of environmental materials management. Springer International Publishing,
Cham, pp 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-31958538-3_67-1
Chhabra G, Chaudhary D, Sainger M, Jaiwal PK (2011)
Genetic transformation of Indian isolate of Lemna
minor mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and
recovery of transgenic plants. Physiol Mol Biol Plants
17(2):129–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-0110059-5
Childers DL, Corman J, Edwards M, Elser JJ (2011)
Sustainability challenges of phosphorus and food:
solutions from closing the human phosphorus cycle.
Bioscience 61(2):117–124. https://doi.org/10.1525/
bio.2011.61.2.6
Cui W, Cheng JJ (2015) Growing duckweed for biofuel
production: a review. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 17:16–23.
https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12216
Demmig-Adams B, Adams WW 3rd (2002) Antioxidants
in photosynthesis and human nutrition. Science 298
(5601):2149–2153. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.
1078002
Duan P, Chang Z, Xu Y, Bai X, Wang F, Zhang L (2013)
Hydrothermal processing of duckweed: effect of
reaction conditions on product distribution and composition. Bioresour Technol 135:710–719. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.106
Escobar CM, Escobar AC (2017, July) Duckweed: a tiny
aquatic plant with enormous potential for bioregenerative life support systems. In: 47th International
conference on environmental systems, Charleston,
South Carolina, 16–20 July 2017. ICES, p 281
Feng B, Fang Y, Xu Z, Xiang C, Zhou C, Jiang F,
Wang T, Zhao H (2017) Development of a new
marker system for identification of Spirodela polyrhiza and Landoltia punctata. International Journal of
Genomics
2017:8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/
5196763
Fu L, Huang M, Han B, Sun X, Sree KS, Appenroth KJ,
Zhang J (2017) Flower induction, microscope-aided
cross-pollination, and seed production in the duckweed Lemna gibba with discovery of a male-sterile
clone. Sci Rep 7(1):3047. https://doi.org/10.1038/
s41598-017-03240-8
Gale J, Smernoff DT, Macler BA, MacElroy RD (1989)
Carbon balance and productivity of Lemna gibba, a
candidate plant for CELSS. Adv Space Res 9(8):43–
52
Goopy J, Murray P (2003) A review on the role of
duckweed in nutrient reclamation and as a source of
animal feed. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 16(2):297–
305
Gwaze FR, Mwale M (2015) The prospect of Duckweed
in pig nutrition: a review. J Agric Sci 7(11):189
Henchion M, Hayes M, Mullen AM, Fenelon M, Tiwari B
(2017) Future protein supply and demand: strategies
and factors influencing a sustainable equilibrium.
Foods 6(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6070053
Hou W, Chen X, Song G, Wang Q, Chang CC (2007)
Effects of copper and cadmium on heavy metal
polluted waterbody restoration by duckweed (Lemna
minor). Plant Physiol Biochem 45(1):62–69
International Organization of Standardization (2005)
Water quality—Determination of the toxic effect of
water constituents and waste water on duckweed
(Lemna minor)—Duckweed growth inhibition test.
ISO Geneva (CH), ISO guideline 20079
Khvatkov P, Chernobrovkina M, Okuneva A, Pushin A,
Dolgov S (2015) Transformation of Wolffia arrhiza
(L.) Horkel ex Wimm. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult
(PCTOC) 123(2):299–307
Kuehdorf K, Jetschke G, Ballani L, Appenroth KJ (2013)
The clonal dependence of turion formation in the
duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza—an ecogeographical
approach. Physiol Plant. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.
12065
Kutschera U, Niklas KJ (2015) Darwin-Wallace Demons:
survival of the fastest in populations of duckweeds and
the evolutionary history of an enigmatic group of
angiosperms. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 17:24–32. https://doi.
org/10.1111/Plb.12171
Lam E, Appenroth KJ, Michael T, Mori K, Fakhoorian T
(2014) Duckweed in bloom: the 2nd international
conference on duckweed research and applications
heralds the return of a plant model for plant biology.
Plant Mol Biol 84 (6):737–742. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s11103-013-0162-9
Landolt E (1986) The family of Lemnaceae—a monographic study, vol 1. Veroffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Institutes der Eidgenossischen Technischen
Hochschule, Stiftung Rubel, Zurich
Landolt E, Kandeler R (1987) Biosystematic investigations in the family of duckweeds (Lemnaceae), Vol. 4:
The family of Lemnaceae-a monographic study, Vol.
2 (phytochemistry, physiology, application, bibliography). Veroeffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Instituts der ETH, Stiftung Ruebel (Switzerland)
Liu C, Feng Q, Yang J, Qi X (2018) Catalytic production
of levulinic acid and ethyl levulinate from
uniconazole-induced duckweed (Lemna minor).
Bioresour Technol 255:50–57. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.biortech.2018.01.087
Martirosyan EV, Ryzhova NN, Skryabin KG, Kochieva EZ
(2008) RAPD analysis of genome polymorphism in the
family Lemnaceae. Russ J Genet 44(3):360–364.
https://doi.org/10.1134/s1022795408030198
Mkandawire M, Dudel EG (2005) Accumulation of
arsenic in Lemna gibba L. (duckweed) in tailing
waters of two abandoned uranium mining sites in
Saxony, Germany. Sci Total Environ 336 (1):81–89
Nauheimer L, Metzler D, Renner SS (2012) Global
history of the ancient monocot family Araceae inferred
with models accounting for past continental positions
and previous ranges based on fossils. New Phytol 195
(4):938–950.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.
2012.04220.x
1 Importance of Duckweeds in Basic Research and Their Industrial …
15
Cham, pp 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-31958538-3_67-1
Chhabra G, Chaudhary D, Sainger M, Jaiwal PK (2011)
Genetic transformation of Indian isolate of Lemna
minor mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and
recovery of transgenic plants. Physiol Mol Biol Plants
17(2):129–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-0110059-5
Childers DL, Corman J, Edwards M, Elser JJ (2011)
Sustainability challenges of phosphorus and food:
solutions from closing the human phosphorus cycle.
Bioscience 61(2):117–124. https://doi.org/10.1525/
bio.2011.61.2.6
Cui W, Cheng JJ (2015) Growing duckweed for biofuel
production: a review. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 17:16–23.
https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12216
Demmig-Adams B, Adams WW 3rd (2002) Antioxidants
in photosynthesis and human nutrition. Science 298
(5601):2149–2153. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.
1078002
Duan P, Chang Z, Xu Y, Bai X, Wang F, Zhang L (2013)
Hydrothermal processing of duckweed: effect of
reaction conditions on product distribution and composition. Bioresour Technol 135:710–719. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.106
Escobar CM, Escobar AC (2017, July) Duckweed: a tiny
aquatic plant with enormous potential for bioregenerative life support systems. In: 47th International
conference on environmental systems, Charleston,
South Carolina, 16–20 July 2017. ICES, p 281
Feng B, Fang Y, Xu Z, Xiang C, Zhou C, Jiang F,
Wang T, Zhao H (2017) Development of a new
marker system for identification of Spirodela polyrhiza and Landoltia punctata. International Journal of
Genomics
2017:8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/
5196763
Fu L, Huang M, Han B, Sun X, Sree KS, Appenroth KJ,
Zhang J (2017) Flower induction, microscope-aided
cross-pollination, and seed production in the duckweed Lemna gibba with discovery of a male-sterile
clone. Sci Rep 7(1):3047. https://doi.org/10.1038/
s41598-017-03240-8
Gale J, Smernoff DT, Macler BA, MacElroy RD (1989)
Carbon balance and productivity of Lemna gibba, a
candidate plant for CELSS. Adv Space Res 9(8):43–
52
Goopy J, Murray P (2003) A review on the role of
duckweed in nutrient reclamation and as a source of
animal feed. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 16(2):297–
305
Gwaze FR, Mwale M (2015) The prospect of Duckweed
in pig nutrition: a review. J Agric Sci 7(11):189
Henchion M, Hayes M, Mullen AM, Fenelon M, Tiwari B
(2017) Future protein supply and demand: strategies
and factors influencing a sustainable equilibrium.
Foods 6(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6070053
Hou W, Chen X, Song G, Wang Q, Chang CC (2007)
Effects of copper and cadmium on heavy metal
polluted waterbody restoration by duckweed (Lemna
minor). Plant Physiol Biochem 45(1):62–69
International Organization of Standardization (2005)
Water quality—Determination of the toxic effect of
water constituents and waste water on duckweed
(Lemna minor)—Duckweed growth inhibition test.
ISO Geneva (CH), ISO guideline 20079
Khvatkov P, Chernobrovkina M, Okuneva A, Pushin A,
Dolgov S (2015) Transformation of Wolffia arrhiza
(L.) Horkel ex Wimm. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult
(PCTOC) 123(2):299–307
Kuehdorf K, Jetschke G, Ballani L, Appenroth KJ (2013)
The clonal dependence of turion formation in the
duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza—an ecogeographical
approach. Physiol Plant. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.
12065
Kutschera U, Niklas KJ (2015) Darwin-Wallace Demons:
survival of the fastest in populations of duckweeds and
the evolutionary history of an enigmatic group of
angiosperms. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 17:24–32. https://doi.
org/10.1111/Plb.12171
Lam E, Appenroth KJ, Michael T, Mori K, Fakhoorian T
(2014) Duckweed in bloom: the 2nd international
conference on duckweed research and applications
heralds the return of a plant model for plant biology.
Plant Mol Biol 84 (6):737–742. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s11103-013-0162-9
Landolt E (1986) The family of Lemnaceae—a monographic study, vol 1. Veroffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Institutes der Eidgenossischen Technischen
Hochschule, Stiftung Rubel, Zurich
Landolt E, Kandeler R (1987) Biosystematic investigations in the family of duckweeds (Lemnaceae), Vol. 4:
The family of Lemnaceae-a monographic study, Vol.
2 (phytochemistry, physiology, application, bibliography). Veroeffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Instituts der ETH, Stiftung Ruebel (Switzerland)
Liu C, Feng Q, Yang J, Qi X (2018) Catalytic production
of levulinic acid and ethyl levulinate from
uniconazole-induced duckweed (Lemna minor).
Bioresour Technol 255:50–57. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.biortech.2018.01.087
Martirosyan EV, Ryzhova NN, Skryabin KG, Kochieva EZ
(2008) RAPD analysis of genome polymorphism in the
family Lemnaceae. Russ J Genet 44(3):360–364.
https://doi.org/10.1134/s1022795408030198
Mkandawire M, Dudel EG (2005) Accumulation of
arsenic in Lemna gibba L. (duckweed) in tailing
waters of two abandoned uranium mining sites in
Saxony, Germany. Sci Total Environ 336 (1):81–89
Nauheimer L, Metzler D, Renner SS (2012) Global
history of the ancient monocot family Araceae inferred
with models accounting for past continental positions
and previous ranges based on fossils. New Phytol 195
(4):938–950.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.
2012.04220.x
1 Importance of Duckweeds in Basic Research and Their Industrial …
15