OECD/FAO (2017) OECD-FAO agricultural outlook
2017–2026. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/
10.1787/19991142
OECD (2006) Test No. 221: Lemna sp. growth inhibition
test. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals,
Section 2. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.
1787/9789264016194-en
Posner HB (1962) Characteristics of X-ray-induced
aberrants of Lemna perpusilla 6746. Plant Cell
Physiol 3(3):275–284
Rezania S, Taib SM, Din MFM, Dahalan FA, Kamyab H
(2016) Comprehensive review on phytotechnology:
heavy metals removal by diverse aquatic plants
species from wastewater. J Hazard Mater 318:587–
599
Rodell M, Famiglietti JS, Wiese DN, Reager JT, Beaudoing HK, Landerer FW, Lo MH (2018) Emerging
trends in global freshwater availability. Nature 557
(7707):651–659. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-0180123-1
Schmitz U, Kelm H (2017) First discovery of flowering
Wolffia arrhiza in Central Europe. Aquat Bot 143:33–
35
Shoham T (2018) On a mission to introduce duckweed as
the 21st century cash crop: Current active industrial
efforts. Duckweed Forum 6(3):92–97
Skillicorn P (2013) The agriquatics system vs activated
sludge: a comparative analysis. https://paulskillicorn.
wordpress.com/2013/04/17/the-agriquatics-system-vsactivated-sludge-a-comparative-analysis/. Accessed 9
Sept 2019
Skillicorn P, Spira W, Journey W (1993) Duckweed
aquaculture: a new aquatic farming system for developing countries. World Bank
Slovin JP, Tobin EM (1982) Synthesis and turnover of the
light-harvesting chlorophylla/b-protein in Lemna
gibba grown with intermittent red light: possible
translational control. Planta 154(5):465–472. https://
doi.org/10.1007/BF01267815
van der Spiegel M, Noordam MY, van der Fels-Klerx HJ
(2013) Safety of novel protein sources (Insects,
microalgae, seaweed, duckweed, and rapeseed) and
legislative aspects for their application in food and
feed production. Compr Rev Food Sci F 12(6):662–
678. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12032
Sree KS, Bog M, Appenroth KJ (2016) Taxonomy of
duckweeds (Lemnaceae), potential new crop plants.
Emir J Food Agr 28(5):291–302. https://doi.org/10.
9755/ejfa.2016-01-038
Sree KS, Maheshwari SC, Boka K, Khurana JP,
Keresztes A, Appenroth KJ (2015a) The duckweed
Wolffia microscopica: a unique aquatic monocot. Flora
210:31–39.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2014.10.
006
Sree KS, Sudakaran S, Appenroth K-J (2015b) How fast
can angiosperms grow? Species and clonal diversity of
growth rates in the genus Wolffia (Lemnaceae). Acta
Physiol Plant 37(10):204
Tang J, Li Y, Ma J, Cheng J (2015) Survey of duckweed
diversity in Lake Chao and total fatty acid, triacylglycerol, profiles of representative strains. Plant Biology 17(5):1066–1072
Tippery N, Les D, Crawford D (2015) Evaluation of
phylogenetic relationships in Lemnaceae using nuclear
ribosomal data. Plant Biology 17(s1):50–58
Vunsh R, Li J, Hanania U, Edelman M, Flaishman M,
Perl A, Wisniewski JP, Freyssinet G (2007) High
expression of transgene protein in Spirodela. Plant
Cell Rep 26(9):1511–1519. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00299-007-0361-4
Wang W, Wu Y, Yan Y, Ermakova M, Kerstetter R,
Messing J (2010) DNA barcoding of the Lemnaceae, a
family of aquatic monocots. BMC Plant Biol 10:205.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-10-205
Xue HL, Xiao Y, Jin YL, Li XB, Fang Y, Zhao H,
Zhao Y, Guan JF (2012) Genetic diversity and
geographic differentiation analysis of duckweed using
inter-simple sequence repeat markers. Mol Biol Rep
39(1):547–554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-0110769-3
Yamamoto Y, Rajbhandari N, Lin X, Bergmann B,
Nishimura Y, Stomp A-M (2001) Genetic transformation of duckweed Lemna gibba and Lemna minor.
Vitro Cell Develop Biol-Plant 37(3):349–353. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s11627-001-0062-6
Yan Y, Candreva J, Shi H, Ernst E, Martienssen R,
Schwender J, Shanklin J (2013) Survey of the total
fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition and content
of 30 duckweed species and cloning of a
D6-desaturase responsible for the production of
c-linolenic and stearidonic acids in Lemna gibba.
BMC Plant Biol 13(1):201
Yuan J, Xu K (2017) Effects of simulated microgravity on
the performance of the duckweeds Lemna aequinoctialis and Wolffia globosa. Aquat Bot 137:65–71.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2016.11.010
Zhang C, Duan P, Xu Y, Wang B, Wang F, Zhang L
(2014a) Catalytic upgrading of duckweed biocrude in
subcritical water. Bioresour Technol 166:37–44.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.05.022
Zhang DQ, Jinadasa K, Gersberg RM, Liu Y, Ng WJ,
Tan SK (2014b) Application of constructed wetlands
for wastewater treatment in developing countries–a
review of recent developments (2000–2013). J Environ
Manag 141:116–131
Zhang X, Zhao FJ, Huang Q, Williams PN, Sun GX,
Zhu YG (2009) Arsenic uptake and speciation in the
rootless duckweed Wolffia globosa. New Phytol 182
(2):421–428
Zhao Y, Fang Y, Jin Y, Huang J, Bao S, Fu T, He Z,
Wang F, Zhao H (2014) Potential of duckweed in the
conversion of wastewater nutrients to valuable
16
P. Fourounjian et al.
2017–2026. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/
10.1787/19991142
OECD (2006) Test No. 221: Lemna sp. growth inhibition
test. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals,
Section 2. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.
1787/9789264016194-en
Posner HB (1962) Characteristics of X-ray-induced
aberrants of Lemna perpusilla 6746. Plant Cell
Physiol 3(3):275–284
Rezania S, Taib SM, Din MFM, Dahalan FA, Kamyab H
(2016) Comprehensive review on phytotechnology:
heavy metals removal by diverse aquatic plants
species from wastewater. J Hazard Mater 318:587–
599
Rodell M, Famiglietti JS, Wiese DN, Reager JT, Beaudoing HK, Landerer FW, Lo MH (2018) Emerging
trends in global freshwater availability. Nature 557
(7707):651–659. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-0180123-1
Schmitz U, Kelm H (2017) First discovery of flowering
Wolffia arrhiza in Central Europe. Aquat Bot 143:33–
35
Shoham T (2018) On a mission to introduce duckweed as
the 21st century cash crop: Current active industrial
efforts. Duckweed Forum 6(3):92–97
Skillicorn P (2013) The agriquatics system vs activated
sludge: a comparative analysis. https://paulskillicorn.
wordpress.com/2013/04/17/the-agriquatics-system-vsactivated-sludge-a-comparative-analysis/. Accessed 9
Sept 2019
Skillicorn P, Spira W, Journey W (1993) Duckweed
aquaculture: a new aquatic farming system for developing countries. World Bank
Slovin JP, Tobin EM (1982) Synthesis and turnover of the
light-harvesting chlorophylla/b-protein in Lemna
gibba grown with intermittent red light: possible
translational control. Planta 154(5):465–472. https://
doi.org/10.1007/BF01267815
van der Spiegel M, Noordam MY, van der Fels-Klerx HJ
(2013) Safety of novel protein sources (Insects,
microalgae, seaweed, duckweed, and rapeseed) and
legislative aspects for their application in food and
feed production. Compr Rev Food Sci F 12(6):662–
678. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12032
Sree KS, Bog M, Appenroth KJ (2016) Taxonomy of
duckweeds (Lemnaceae), potential new crop plants.
Emir J Food Agr 28(5):291–302. https://doi.org/10.
9755/ejfa.2016-01-038
Sree KS, Maheshwari SC, Boka K, Khurana JP,
Keresztes A, Appenroth KJ (2015a) The duckweed
Wolffia microscopica: a unique aquatic monocot. Flora
210:31–39.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2014.10.
006
Sree KS, Sudakaran S, Appenroth K-J (2015b) How fast
can angiosperms grow? Species and clonal diversity of
growth rates in the genus Wolffia (Lemnaceae). Acta
Physiol Plant 37(10):204
Tang J, Li Y, Ma J, Cheng J (2015) Survey of duckweed
diversity in Lake Chao and total fatty acid, triacylglycerol, profiles of representative strains. Plant Biology 17(5):1066–1072
Tippery N, Les D, Crawford D (2015) Evaluation of
phylogenetic relationships in Lemnaceae using nuclear
ribosomal data. Plant Biology 17(s1):50–58
Vunsh R, Li J, Hanania U, Edelman M, Flaishman M,
Perl A, Wisniewski JP, Freyssinet G (2007) High
expression of transgene protein in Spirodela. Plant
Cell Rep 26(9):1511–1519. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00299-007-0361-4
Wang W, Wu Y, Yan Y, Ermakova M, Kerstetter R,
Messing J (2010) DNA barcoding of the Lemnaceae, a
family of aquatic monocots. BMC Plant Biol 10:205.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-10-205
Xue HL, Xiao Y, Jin YL, Li XB, Fang Y, Zhao H,
Zhao Y, Guan JF (2012) Genetic diversity and
geographic differentiation analysis of duckweed using
inter-simple sequence repeat markers. Mol Biol Rep
39(1):547–554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-0110769-3
Yamamoto Y, Rajbhandari N, Lin X, Bergmann B,
Nishimura Y, Stomp A-M (2001) Genetic transformation of duckweed Lemna gibba and Lemna minor.
Vitro Cell Develop Biol-Plant 37(3):349–353. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s11627-001-0062-6
Yan Y, Candreva J, Shi H, Ernst E, Martienssen R,
Schwender J, Shanklin J (2013) Survey of the total
fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition and content
of 30 duckweed species and cloning of a
D6-desaturase responsible for the production of
c-linolenic and stearidonic acids in Lemna gibba.
BMC Plant Biol 13(1):201
Yuan J, Xu K (2017) Effects of simulated microgravity on
the performance of the duckweeds Lemna aequinoctialis and Wolffia globosa. Aquat Bot 137:65–71.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2016.11.010
Zhang C, Duan P, Xu Y, Wang B, Wang F, Zhang L
(2014a) Catalytic upgrading of duckweed biocrude in
subcritical water. Bioresour Technol 166:37–44.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.05.022
Zhang DQ, Jinadasa K, Gersberg RM, Liu Y, Ng WJ,
Tan SK (2014b) Application of constructed wetlands
for wastewater treatment in developing countries–a
review of recent developments (2000–2013). J Environ
Manag 141:116–131
Zhang X, Zhao FJ, Huang Q, Williams PN, Sun GX,
Zhu YG (2009) Arsenic uptake and speciation in the
rootless duckweed Wolffia globosa. New Phytol 182
(2):421–428
Zhao Y, Fang Y, Jin Y, Huang J, Bao S, Fu T, He Z,
Wang F, Zhao H (2014) Potential of duckweed in the
conversion of wastewater nutrients to valuable
16
P. Fourounjian et al.