47
16. Ghajar, C. M., Chen, X., Harris, J. W., Suresh, V., Hughes, C. C. W., Jeon, N. L., et al. (2008).
The effect of matrix density on the regulation of 3-D capillary morphogenesis. Biophysical
Journal, 94, 1930–1941.
17. Helm, C.-L. E., Zisch, A., & Swartz, M. A. (2007). Engineered blood and lymphatic capillaries in 3-D VEGF-fibrin-collagen matrices with interstitial flow. Biotechnology and
Bioengineering, 96, 167–176.
18. Hernández Vera, R., Genové, E., Alvarez, L., Borrós, S., Kamm, R., Lauffenburger, D.,
et al. (2009). Interstitial fluid flow intensity modulates endothelial sprouting in restricted
Src-activated cell clusters during capillary morphogenesis. Tissue Engineering. Part A, 15,
175–185.
19. Huang, A. H., Balestrini, J. L., Udelsman, B. V., Zhou, K. C., Zhao, L., Ferruzzi, J., et al.
(2016). Biaxial stretch improves elastic fiber maturation, collagen arrangement, and mechanical properties in engineered arteries. Tissue Engineering. Part C, Methods, 22, 524–533.
20. Ingber, D. E. (2002). Mechanical signaling and the cellular response to extracellular matrix in
angiogenesis and cardiovascular physiology. Circulation Research, 91, 877–887.
21. Jeon, J. S., Bersini, S., Whisler, J. A., Chen, M. B., Dubini, G., Charest, J. L., et al. (2014).
Generation of 3D functional microvascular networks with human mesenchymal stem cells in
microfluidic systems. Integrative Biology, 6, 555–563.
22. Kaunas, R., & Deguchi, S. (2016). Cyclic stretch-induced reorganization of stress fibers in
endothelial cells. Vascular engineering (pp. 99–110). Tokyo: Springer.
23. Kim, S., Lee, H., Chung, M., & Jeon, N. L. (2013). Engineering of functional, perfusable 3D
microvascular networks on a chip. Lab on a Chip, 13, 1489–1500.
24. Kniazeva, E., & Putnam, A. J. (2009). Endothelial cell traction and ECM density influence
both capillary morphogenesis and maintenance in 3-D. American Journal of Physiology. Cell
Physiology, 297, C179–C187.
25. Kniazeva, E., Weidling, J. W., Singh, R., Botvinick, E. L., Digman, M. A., Gratton, E., et al.
(2012). Quantification of local matrix deformations and mechanical properties during capillary
morphogenesis in 3D. Integrative Biology, 4, 431–439.
26. Korff, T., & Augustin, H. G. (1999). Tensional forces in fibrillar extracellular matrices control
directional capillary sprouting. Journal of Cell Science, 112(Pt 19), 3249–3258.
27. Krishnan, L., Underwood, C. J., Maas, S., Ellis, B. J., Kode, T. C., Hoying, J. B., et al.
(2008). Effect of mechanical boundary conditions on orientation of angiogenic microvessels.
Cardiovascular Research, 78, 324–332.
28. Krishnan, R., Klumpers, D. D., Park, C. Y., Rajendran, K., Trepat, X., van Bezu, J., et al.
(2011). Substrate stiffening promotes endothelial monolayer disruption through enhanced
physical forces. American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology, 300, C146–C154.
29. Lee, E. J., & Niklason, L. E. (2010). A novel flow bioreactor for in vitro microvascularization.
Tissue Engineering. Part C, Methods, 16, 1191–1200.
30. Lee, P.-F., Yeh, A. T., & Bayless, K. J. (2009). Nonlinear optical microscopy reveals invading
endothelial cells anisotropically alter three-dimensional collagen matrices. Experimental Cell
Research, 315, 396–410.
31. Lesman, A., Koffler, J., Atlas, R., Blinder, Y. J., Kam, Z., & Levenberg, S. (2011). Engineering
vessel-like networks within multicellular fibrin-based constructs. Biomaterials, 32, 7856–7869.
32. Lesman, A., Notbohm, J., Tirrell, D. A., & Ravichandran, G. (2014). Contractile forces regulate
cell division in three-dimensional environments. The Journal of Cell Biology, 205, 155–162.
33. Li, Y.-S. J., Haga, J. H., & Chien, S. (2005). Molecular basis of the effects of shear stress on
vascular endothelial cells. Journal of Biomechanics, 38, 1949–1971.
34. Liu, S. Q. (1998). Influence of tensile strain on smooth muscle cell orientation in rat blood
vessels. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 120, 313–320.
35. Lu, D., & Kassab, G. S. (2011). Role of shear stress and stretch in vascular mechanobiology.
Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 8, 1379–1385.
2 Mechanical Regulation of Vascularization in Three-Dimensional Engineered Tissues
16. Ghajar, C. M., Chen, X., Harris, J. W., Suresh, V., Hughes, C. C. W., Jeon, N. L., et al. (2008).
The effect of matrix density on the regulation of 3-D capillary morphogenesis. Biophysical
Journal, 94, 1930–1941.
17. Helm, C.-L. E., Zisch, A., & Swartz, M. A. (2007). Engineered blood and lymphatic capillaries in 3-D VEGF-fibrin-collagen matrices with interstitial flow. Biotechnology and
Bioengineering, 96, 167–176.
18. Hernández Vera, R., Genové, E., Alvarez, L., Borrós, S., Kamm, R., Lauffenburger, D.,
et al. (2009). Interstitial fluid flow intensity modulates endothelial sprouting in restricted
Src-activated cell clusters during capillary morphogenesis. Tissue Engineering. Part A, 15,
175–185.
19. Huang, A. H., Balestrini, J. L., Udelsman, B. V., Zhou, K. C., Zhao, L., Ferruzzi, J., et al.
(2016). Biaxial stretch improves elastic fiber maturation, collagen arrangement, and mechanical properties in engineered arteries. Tissue Engineering. Part C, Methods, 22, 524–533.
20. Ingber, D. E. (2002). Mechanical signaling and the cellular response to extracellular matrix in
angiogenesis and cardiovascular physiology. Circulation Research, 91, 877–887.
21. Jeon, J. S., Bersini, S., Whisler, J. A., Chen, M. B., Dubini, G., Charest, J. L., et al. (2014).
Generation of 3D functional microvascular networks with human mesenchymal stem cells in
microfluidic systems. Integrative Biology, 6, 555–563.
22. Kaunas, R., & Deguchi, S. (2016). Cyclic stretch-induced reorganization of stress fibers in
endothelial cells. Vascular engineering (pp. 99–110). Tokyo: Springer.
23. Kim, S., Lee, H., Chung, M., & Jeon, N. L. (2013). Engineering of functional, perfusable 3D
microvascular networks on a chip. Lab on a Chip, 13, 1489–1500.
24. Kniazeva, E., & Putnam, A. J. (2009). Endothelial cell traction and ECM density influence
both capillary morphogenesis and maintenance in 3-D. American Journal of Physiology. Cell
Physiology, 297, C179–C187.
25. Kniazeva, E., Weidling, J. W., Singh, R., Botvinick, E. L., Digman, M. A., Gratton, E., et al.
(2012). Quantification of local matrix deformations and mechanical properties during capillary
morphogenesis in 3D. Integrative Biology, 4, 431–439.
26. Korff, T., & Augustin, H. G. (1999). Tensional forces in fibrillar extracellular matrices control
directional capillary sprouting. Journal of Cell Science, 112(Pt 19), 3249–3258.
27. Krishnan, L., Underwood, C. J., Maas, S., Ellis, B. J., Kode, T. C., Hoying, J. B., et al.
(2008). Effect of mechanical boundary conditions on orientation of angiogenic microvessels.
Cardiovascular Research, 78, 324–332.
28. Krishnan, R., Klumpers, D. D., Park, C. Y., Rajendran, K., Trepat, X., van Bezu, J., et al.
(2011). Substrate stiffening promotes endothelial monolayer disruption through enhanced
physical forces. American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology, 300, C146–C154.
29. Lee, E. J., & Niklason, L. E. (2010). A novel flow bioreactor for in vitro microvascularization.
Tissue Engineering. Part C, Methods, 16, 1191–1200.
30. Lee, P.-F., Yeh, A. T., & Bayless, K. J. (2009). Nonlinear optical microscopy reveals invading
endothelial cells anisotropically alter three-dimensional collagen matrices. Experimental Cell
Research, 315, 396–410.
31. Lesman, A., Koffler, J., Atlas, R., Blinder, Y. J., Kam, Z., & Levenberg, S. (2011). Engineering
vessel-like networks within multicellular fibrin-based constructs. Biomaterials, 32, 7856–7869.
32. Lesman, A., Notbohm, J., Tirrell, D. A., & Ravichandran, G. (2014). Contractile forces regulate
cell division in three-dimensional environments. The Journal of Cell Biology, 205, 155–162.
33. Li, Y.-S. J., Haga, J. H., & Chien, S. (2005). Molecular basis of the effects of shear stress on
vascular endothelial cells. Journal of Biomechanics, 38, 1949–1971.
34. Liu, S. Q. (1998). Influence of tensile strain on smooth muscle cell orientation in rat blood
vessels. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 120, 313–320.
35. Lu, D., & Kassab, G. S. (2011). Role of shear stress and stretch in vascular mechanobiology.
Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 8, 1379–1385.
2 Mechanical Regulation of Vascularization in Three-Dimensional Engineered Tissues