were noticed to be on the increase in direct variance with the increase of the
microbial diversity, as well as the dry and wet mass (biomass contents). The
diversity and biomass of the microbial community were later reinstated at the
expiration of the bioremediation after a sudden drop, instigated through the xenobiotic stressor. There were similarity between the microcosms and the microflora
density population with or without the addition of biosurfactant. However, a
decrease of the petroleum hydrocarbon was noticed below the situation tested. The
findings from their study showed that a combined substrate (compost guano and the
bacterial consortium) was significant in the decontamination of the petroleum
hydrocarbon about 96%, after 120 days of investigation.
Sludge from petroleum hydrocarbon, specifically oil mixture, has been known to
contain recalcitrant pollutants. Ragheb et al. (2011) tested and evaluated the
bioaugmentation potential of oil sludge using an enhanced strategy. The investigation lasted for 198 days. Two microbial consortia were used alongside with microcosms consisted with PAHs and alkanes isolated from an oil sludge and soil. The
results from their study showed that about 30% degradation of the TPH (total
petroleum hydrocarbons) from the oily sludge. Although, the degradation of the
alkane content was slightly removed. While, the asphaltic and aromatic parts were
significantly improved via the adding of the other consortium. The findings of their
study showed that resin a polar compound was significantly enriched with
asphaltene and aromatic application. However, their volume in terms of concentration was reduced to the normal concentration at the culmination of the incubation
timing.
The decontamination of polluted soils containing PAHs has become an evolving
biotechnology approach. Typical biotechnological techniques used currently are
bioattenuation, biostimulation, and bioaugmentation. María et al. (2016) in a book
chapter reviewed different bioremediation techniques (bioattenuation,
biostimulation, and bioaugmentation) used in the degradation of PAHs in polluted
soil. The authors stated that these current biotechnologies are considered favorable,
because of the advantages (ecological friendly, cost-effective, and do not produce
any noxious substance), which the conventional techniques do not have both in the
field and laboratory settings. The authors in conclusion recommend agricultural
management as a panacea to the end-point of major pollutant in conjunction with
the aforementioned bioremediation techniques.
Cosgrove et al. (2010) tested and evaluated the potential effects of
bioaugmentation and biostimulation on the bioremediation of polyurethane
suppressed in a soil. The authors used microcosms obtained from soil alongside
with Impranil for the biostimulation process, yeast extract, and polyurethane
degrading fungi for the bioaugmentation process. The results showed that the extract
from the yeast for biostimulation in combination with Impranil, improved about 62%
of the decontamination of polyurethane suppressed in the soil as compared to the
control, and also linked with 45% alleged improvement of the degradation of
polyurethane by the consortium organisms. The results of the bioaugmentation of
polyurethane with the fungi showed about 28% degradation potential when wheat
was added to mycelium-rich inoculum. This indicated that the wheat acted as a
15 Bioaugmentation: A Powerful Biotechnological Techniques for Sustainable. . .
381
microbial diversity, as well as the dry and wet mass (biomass contents). The
diversity and biomass of the microbial community were later reinstated at the
expiration of the bioremediation after a sudden drop, instigated through the xenobiotic stressor. There were similarity between the microcosms and the microflora
density population with or without the addition of biosurfactant. However, a
decrease of the petroleum hydrocarbon was noticed below the situation tested. The
findings from their study showed that a combined substrate (compost guano and the
bacterial consortium) was significant in the decontamination of the petroleum
hydrocarbon about 96%, after 120 days of investigation.
Sludge from petroleum hydrocarbon, specifically oil mixture, has been known to
contain recalcitrant pollutants. Ragheb et al. (2011) tested and evaluated the
bioaugmentation potential of oil sludge using an enhanced strategy. The investigation lasted for 198 days. Two microbial consortia were used alongside with microcosms consisted with PAHs and alkanes isolated from an oil sludge and soil. The
results from their study showed that about 30% degradation of the TPH (total
petroleum hydrocarbons) from the oily sludge. Although, the degradation of the
alkane content was slightly removed. While, the asphaltic and aromatic parts were
significantly improved via the adding of the other consortium. The findings of their
study showed that resin a polar compound was significantly enriched with
asphaltene and aromatic application. However, their volume in terms of concentration was reduced to the normal concentration at the culmination of the incubation
timing.
The decontamination of polluted soils containing PAHs has become an evolving
biotechnology approach. Typical biotechnological techniques used currently are
bioattenuation, biostimulation, and bioaugmentation. María et al. (2016) in a book
chapter reviewed different bioremediation techniques (bioattenuation,
biostimulation, and bioaugmentation) used in the degradation of PAHs in polluted
soil. The authors stated that these current biotechnologies are considered favorable,
because of the advantages (ecological friendly, cost-effective, and do not produce
any noxious substance), which the conventional techniques do not have both in the
field and laboratory settings. The authors in conclusion recommend agricultural
management as a panacea to the end-point of major pollutant in conjunction with
the aforementioned bioremediation techniques.
Cosgrove et al. (2010) tested and evaluated the potential effects of
bioaugmentation and biostimulation on the bioremediation of polyurethane
suppressed in a soil. The authors used microcosms obtained from soil alongside
with Impranil for the biostimulation process, yeast extract, and polyurethane
degrading fungi for the bioaugmentation process. The results showed that the extract
from the yeast for biostimulation in combination with Impranil, improved about 62%
of the decontamination of polyurethane suppressed in the soil as compared to the
control, and also linked with 45% alleged improvement of the degradation of
polyurethane by the consortium organisms. The results of the bioaugmentation of
polyurethane with the fungi showed about 28% degradation potential when wheat
was added to mycelium-rich inoculum. This indicated that the wheat acted as a
15 Bioaugmentation: A Powerful Biotechnological Techniques for Sustainable. . .
381