aspects of the biofilms. Microbial biofilms comprise major classes of macromolecules like nucleic acids, polysaccharides, proteins, enzymes, lipids, humic substances as well as ions. The presence of these components indeed makes them
resilient and enables them to survive hostile conditions. Different kinds of forces
like the hydrogen bonds and electrostatic force of attraction are responsible for
holding the microbial cells together in a biofilm, and the interstitial voids and the
water channels play a significant role in the circulation of nutrients to every cell in
the biofilm. The current review adds a note on bacterial biofilms and attempts to
provide an insight on the aspects ranging from their harmful effects on the human
community to their useful application. The review also discusses the possible
therapeutic strategies to overcome the detrimental effects of biofilms.
Edwards and Kjellerup (2013) wrote a comprehensive review in the application
of biofilm together with different nutrient cycling of the microbiome for the
ecorestoration of polluted environment. The authors laid special emphasis on some
specific pollutant such as toxic minerals, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, personal care
products and pharmaceuticals. Moreover, it was highlighted that most industrial
process led to the discharge of numerous pollutants which led to the pollution of
sediment and other surrounding aquatic environment. There are several efforts that
have been put in place for the bioremediation of heavily polluted environment. It has
been stated emphatically that the application of local bacterial community possesses
the potential to be utilized for the bioremediation of tenacious organic contaminants
and oxidizing heavy metal pollutants. One of the major challenges that has been
discovered in the bioremediation of the aquatic environment is that most of these
pollutants are not easily accessible for easy clean up due to nutrient restrictions in the
environment. Therefore, the application of biofilm communities has been
highlighted as a biotechnological tool for the supply of necessary genetic exchange,
beneficial structure, necessary nutrients as well as the prevention from exposure to
environmental stress due to chemical and shear stress as well as prevention from
predators. Biofilms have also been applied as a biomarkers for the evaluation of
stream water quality derived from mine drainage. The structure and durability of
biofilm with numerous arrays of metabolic and structural features make communities
attractive actors in biofilm-mediated ecorestoration resolutions and ecosystem
observation.
9.4 Modes of Action Involved in the Application of Biofilms
Derived from Microorganisms for the Remediation
of Contaminated Sites
The application of biofilm for the in situ ecorestortion of polluted environment may
be carried out frequently. It has been observed that the process involved in the
natural attenuation depends on the natural process without the utilization of genetically modified microorganisms through the application of some beneficial important
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C. O. Adetunji and O. A. Anani
resilient and enables them to survive hostile conditions. Different kinds of forces
like the hydrogen bonds and electrostatic force of attraction are responsible for
holding the microbial cells together in a biofilm, and the interstitial voids and the
water channels play a significant role in the circulation of nutrients to every cell in
the biofilm. The current review adds a note on bacterial biofilms and attempts to
provide an insight on the aspects ranging from their harmful effects on the human
community to their useful application. The review also discusses the possible
therapeutic strategies to overcome the detrimental effects of biofilms.
Edwards and Kjellerup (2013) wrote a comprehensive review in the application
of biofilm together with different nutrient cycling of the microbiome for the
ecorestoration of polluted environment. The authors laid special emphasis on some
specific pollutant such as toxic minerals, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, personal care
products and pharmaceuticals. Moreover, it was highlighted that most industrial
process led to the discharge of numerous pollutants which led to the pollution of
sediment and other surrounding aquatic environment. There are several efforts that
have been put in place for the bioremediation of heavily polluted environment. It has
been stated emphatically that the application of local bacterial community possesses
the potential to be utilized for the bioremediation of tenacious organic contaminants
and oxidizing heavy metal pollutants. One of the major challenges that has been
discovered in the bioremediation of the aquatic environment is that most of these
pollutants are not easily accessible for easy clean up due to nutrient restrictions in the
environment. Therefore, the application of biofilm communities has been
highlighted as a biotechnological tool for the supply of necessary genetic exchange,
beneficial structure, necessary nutrients as well as the prevention from exposure to
environmental stress due to chemical and shear stress as well as prevention from
predators. Biofilms have also been applied as a biomarkers for the evaluation of
stream water quality derived from mine drainage. The structure and durability of
biofilm with numerous arrays of metabolic and structural features make communities
attractive actors in biofilm-mediated ecorestoration resolutions and ecosystem
observation.
9.4 Modes of Action Involved in the Application of Biofilms
Derived from Microorganisms for the Remediation
of Contaminated Sites
The application of biofilm for the in situ ecorestortion of polluted environment may
be carried out frequently. It has been observed that the process involved in the
natural attenuation depends on the natural process without the utilization of genetically modified microorganisms through the application of some beneficial important
236
C. O. Adetunji and O. A. Anani