microorganism for the purpose of ecorestoration. The application of biofilm produced by beneficial microorganism in the soil could be utilized for the biotransformation of some heavy pollutant into a lesser component without any presence of
hazardous compounds. The process of natural attenuation incorporation with some
favourable conditions could facilitate the biodegradation, transformation and immobilization and their eventual detoxification into lesser compounds without the input
of human beings (Sayler et al. 1995). Moreover, the passive remediation process
necessitates the availability of microorganism present in the biofilm for continual
degradation of contaminant in the environment, and this process might take a longer
period of time.
The presence of some essential nutrients such as phosphorus compounds and the
presence of oxygen and air might enhance the process of biodegradation of pollutants through the process referred to as biostimulation. The natural attenuations may
be evaluated at definite times (Vogt and Richnow 2014; Jorgensen et al. 2010). It has
been observed that the application of natural attenuation bioremediation techniques
is the best strategies for the ecorestoration of heavily polluted sites such as petroleum
hydrocarbon sites (Rittmann 2004). This could also be referred to as monitored
natural attenuation. Also, bioenhancement and bioaugmentation depend on the
addition of specific application of some beneficial microorganisms or their consortia
for bioremediation of heavily contaminated environment (Tyagi et al. 2011). Moreover, this process might require the application of nutrients and substrates which
might facilitate this process. The microbial populations merging from highly contaminated sites also play a crucial role in the biodegradation of heavily polluted sites.
These microorganisms could be stored in the laboratory environment which could
subsequently be applied for the treatment of heavily polluted soil. It has been
highlighted that the process of bioaugmentation techniques could be utilized for
the bioremediation of heavily polluted environment most especially in the situation
where the local population of microorganism did not possess adequate biodegradation efficiency. This might also lead to the development of biofilm which play
several crucial role in the biodegradation of polluted environment. The stages
involved in the process of bioaugmentation may be evaluated utilizing biomarkers
based on luc or gfp to evaluate and monitor the biodegradation effectiveness of the
inoculated microbes (Jansson et al. 2000).
The process of bioaugmentation may also be enhanced through the application of
genetically engineered methodology or through the techniques that enhances the
concentration of nutrients or the biostimulation techniques, air venting and persistence of microbes.
The process of biostimulation stimulates electron donors and acceptors, nutrients,
substrates, in order to support the action of microorganisms that could play a crucial
role in the biodegradation of polluted environment (Morgan and Watkinson 1989).
The two effective techniques that has been highlighted for the ecorestoration of
petroleum hydrocarbon oil and the improvement of nitrification performance were
biostimulation and bioaugmentation (Grace Liu et al. 2011; Abeysinghe et al. 2002).
Furthermore, the air venting techniques involve the pumping of air into the
heavily contaminated sites that are available below the soil surface to enhance the
9 Utilization of Microbial Biofilm for the Biotransformation and Bioremediation. . .
237
hazardous compounds. The process of natural attenuation incorporation with some
favourable conditions could facilitate the biodegradation, transformation and immobilization and their eventual detoxification into lesser compounds without the input
of human beings (Sayler et al. 1995). Moreover, the passive remediation process
necessitates the availability of microorganism present in the biofilm for continual
degradation of contaminant in the environment, and this process might take a longer
period of time.
The presence of some essential nutrients such as phosphorus compounds and the
presence of oxygen and air might enhance the process of biodegradation of pollutants through the process referred to as biostimulation. The natural attenuations may
be evaluated at definite times (Vogt and Richnow 2014; Jorgensen et al. 2010). It has
been observed that the application of natural attenuation bioremediation techniques
is the best strategies for the ecorestoration of heavily polluted sites such as petroleum
hydrocarbon sites (Rittmann 2004). This could also be referred to as monitored
natural attenuation. Also, bioenhancement and bioaugmentation depend on the
addition of specific application of some beneficial microorganisms or their consortia
for bioremediation of heavily contaminated environment (Tyagi et al. 2011). Moreover, this process might require the application of nutrients and substrates which
might facilitate this process. The microbial populations merging from highly contaminated sites also play a crucial role in the biodegradation of heavily polluted sites.
These microorganisms could be stored in the laboratory environment which could
subsequently be applied for the treatment of heavily polluted soil. It has been
highlighted that the process of bioaugmentation techniques could be utilized for
the bioremediation of heavily polluted environment most especially in the situation
where the local population of microorganism did not possess adequate biodegradation efficiency. This might also lead to the development of biofilm which play
several crucial role in the biodegradation of polluted environment. The stages
involved in the process of bioaugmentation may be evaluated utilizing biomarkers
based on luc or gfp to evaluate and monitor the biodegradation effectiveness of the
inoculated microbes (Jansson et al. 2000).
The process of bioaugmentation may also be enhanced through the application of
genetically engineered methodology or through the techniques that enhances the
concentration of nutrients or the biostimulation techniques, air venting and persistence of microbes.
The process of biostimulation stimulates electron donors and acceptors, nutrients,
substrates, in order to support the action of microorganisms that could play a crucial
role in the biodegradation of polluted environment (Morgan and Watkinson 1989).
The two effective techniques that has been highlighted for the ecorestoration of
petroleum hydrocarbon oil and the improvement of nitrification performance were
biostimulation and bioaugmentation (Grace Liu et al. 2011; Abeysinghe et al. 2002).
Furthermore, the air venting techniques involve the pumping of air into the
heavily contaminated sites that are available below the soil surface to enhance the
9 Utilization of Microbial Biofilm for the Biotransformation and Bioremediation. . .
237