utilized for the commercial treatments for the remediation of dyes, metals, and other
hazardous toxicants. Many studies show that the bacteria and fungi can efficiently
remediate the contaminants when they are processed together, i.e., microcosm under
in vitro and under in situ conditions. However, more work is focused on the various
pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and dyes which are present in soil and
water which has to be remediated. Still, it is quite surprising that few studies were
conducted to address this aspect wherein degradation of multiple hazardous contaminants were focused for remediation using fungi (Gouma et al. 2014). In addition
to this, metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metaproteomics should be used to
isolate and explore new genes, proteins, and enzymes that can be useful for the
bioremediation.
References
Arnott HJ (1995) The intravacuolar organic matrix associated with calcium oxalate crystals in
leaves of Vitis. Plant J 7:633–648
Arnstadt T, Hoppe B, Kahl T, Kellner H, Krüger D, Bauhus J, Hofrichter M (2016) Dynamics of
fungal community composition, decomposition and resulting deadwood properties in logs of
Fagus sylvatica, Piceaabies and Pinus sylvestris. For Ecol Manage 382:129–142
Barr DP, Shah MM, Grover TA, Aust SD (1992) Production of hydroxyl radical by lignin
peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Arch Biochem Biophys 298:480–485
Bastos R, Coelho E, Coimbra MA (2018) Arabinoxylans from cereal by-products: insights into
structural features, recovery, and applications. In: Sustainable recovery and reutilization of
cereal processing by-products. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, MA, pp 227–251
Borchers AT (1999) Mushrooms, tumors and immunity. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 221:281–293
Boudabbous M, Hmad IB, Saibi W, Mssawra M, Belghith H, Gargouri A (2017) Transglycosylation capacity of a highly glycosylated multi-specific β-glucosidase from Fusarium
solani. Bioproc Biosys Eng 40:559–571
Christian V, Shrivastava R, Shukla D, Modi HA, Vyas BRM (2005) Degradation of xenobiotic
compounds by lignin-degrading white-rot fungi: enzymology and mechanisms involved. IJEB
43:301–312
De Jong E, Field JA (1997) Sulfur tuft and turkey tail: biosynthesis and biodegradation of
organohalogens by basidiomycetes. Annu Rev Microbiol 51:375–414
Duchon J (1985) Lekarska Chemie a Biochemie. Avicenum, Praha
Dutton MV, Evans CS (1996) Oxalate production by fungi: its role in pathogenicity and ecology in
the soil environment. Can J Microbiol 42:881–895
Dutton MV, Evans CS, Atkey PT, Wood DA (1993) Oxalate production by basidiomycetes,
including the white-rot species Coriolus versicolor and Phanerochaetechrysosporium. Appl
Microbiol Biotechnol 39:5–10
Gadd GM (1999) Fungal production of citric and oxalic acid: importance in metal speciation,
physiology and biogeochemical processes. Adv Microb Physiol 41:47–92
Gadd GM (2017) Geomicrobiology of the built environment. Nat Microbiol 2:16275
Gadd GM, Bahri-Esfahani J, Li Q, Rhee YJ, Wei Z, Fomina M, Liang X (2014) Oxalate production
by fungi: significance in geomycology, biodeterioration and bioremediation. Fung Biol Rev
28:36–55
Gahlout M, Rudakiya DM, Gupte S, Gupte A (2017) Laccase-conjugated amino-functionalized
nanosilica for efficient degradation of Reactive Violet 1 dye. Int Nano Lett 7:195–208
7 Strategies to Improve Remediation Technology Using Fungi
199
hazardous toxicants. Many studies show that the bacteria and fungi can efficiently
remediate the contaminants when they are processed together, i.e., microcosm under
in vitro and under in situ conditions. However, more work is focused on the various
pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and dyes which are present in soil and
water which has to be remediated. Still, it is quite surprising that few studies were
conducted to address this aspect wherein degradation of multiple hazardous contaminants were focused for remediation using fungi (Gouma et al. 2014). In addition
to this, metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metaproteomics should be used to
isolate and explore new genes, proteins, and enzymes that can be useful for the
bioremediation.
References
Arnott HJ (1995) The intravacuolar organic matrix associated with calcium oxalate crystals in
leaves of Vitis. Plant J 7:633–648
Arnstadt T, Hoppe B, Kahl T, Kellner H, Krüger D, Bauhus J, Hofrichter M (2016) Dynamics of
fungal community composition, decomposition and resulting deadwood properties in logs of
Fagus sylvatica, Piceaabies and Pinus sylvestris. For Ecol Manage 382:129–142
Barr DP, Shah MM, Grover TA, Aust SD (1992) Production of hydroxyl radical by lignin
peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Arch Biochem Biophys 298:480–485
Bastos R, Coelho E, Coimbra MA (2018) Arabinoxylans from cereal by-products: insights into
structural features, recovery, and applications. In: Sustainable recovery and reutilization of
cereal processing by-products. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, MA, pp 227–251
Borchers AT (1999) Mushrooms, tumors and immunity. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 221:281–293
Boudabbous M, Hmad IB, Saibi W, Mssawra M, Belghith H, Gargouri A (2017) Transglycosylation capacity of a highly glycosylated multi-specific β-glucosidase from Fusarium
solani. Bioproc Biosys Eng 40:559–571
Christian V, Shrivastava R, Shukla D, Modi HA, Vyas BRM (2005) Degradation of xenobiotic
compounds by lignin-degrading white-rot fungi: enzymology and mechanisms involved. IJEB
43:301–312
De Jong E, Field JA (1997) Sulfur tuft and turkey tail: biosynthesis and biodegradation of
organohalogens by basidiomycetes. Annu Rev Microbiol 51:375–414
Duchon J (1985) Lekarska Chemie a Biochemie. Avicenum, Praha
Dutton MV, Evans CS (1996) Oxalate production by fungi: its role in pathogenicity and ecology in
the soil environment. Can J Microbiol 42:881–895
Dutton MV, Evans CS, Atkey PT, Wood DA (1993) Oxalate production by basidiomycetes,
including the white-rot species Coriolus versicolor and Phanerochaetechrysosporium. Appl
Microbiol Biotechnol 39:5–10
Gadd GM (1999) Fungal production of citric and oxalic acid: importance in metal speciation,
physiology and biogeochemical processes. Adv Microb Physiol 41:47–92
Gadd GM (2017) Geomicrobiology of the built environment. Nat Microbiol 2:16275
Gadd GM, Bahri-Esfahani J, Li Q, Rhee YJ, Wei Z, Fomina M, Liang X (2014) Oxalate production
by fungi: significance in geomycology, biodeterioration and bioremediation. Fung Biol Rev
28:36–55
Gahlout M, Rudakiya DM, Gupte S, Gupte A (2017) Laccase-conjugated amino-functionalized
nanosilica for efficient degradation of Reactive Violet 1 dye. Int Nano Lett 7:195–208
7 Strategies to Improve Remediation Technology Using Fungi
199