430
sleepers, rural carpentry, floors, opening frames, bodywork, naval constructions,
and outdoor use. In addition, its bark contains tannins suitable for tannery (Tortorelli
2009). Given its greater existence in NWA, its exploitation is more accentuated in
that region.
The three species considered in this chapter are currently under intense forest
harvesting in the Yungas’s piedmont, causing a deep impact on the natural forest. In
the Alto Paraná Rainforest, a similar situation is found due to the productive transformation of the territory, which promoted the shift of many populations and generated fragmented landscapes. In addition, at a local level, populations of the three
species would be facing specific threats that significantly affect the presence of seed
trees. These factors could include selective logging, fire, and livestock pressure,
among the most important (Ledesma 2014).
Due to the dynamics of land use change, the current fragmentation of the landscape, and the intense use of these species, domestication activities were initiated to
carry out appropriate management and conservation strategies, both in situ and ex
situ. Further details about the processes that gave rise to the current state of conservation of the Argentine subtropical forests in general can be found in the introduction to this section (Chap. 12).
16.2 Cordia trichotoma
16.2.1 Preliminary Molecular Analyses
Non-model species usually offer more difficulties for molecular characterization,
mainly due to the lack of genomic information or to the presence in the sample
material of unusual inhibitors that hinder, for example, obtaining a good DNA quality. Therefore, the first steps toward the analysis of the genetic variability of C. trichotoma were the adjustment of laboratory methodologies. Different protocols of
DNA extraction, as well as different conservation methods for leaf material, were
assessed. The selected DNA extraction protocol for the species was the traditional
CTAB DNA extraction of Hoisington et al. (1994) with modifications according to
Soldati et al. (2013), starting from fresh leaf material.
Cross-species amplification (transferability) among taxonomically related species is possible due to the homology of microsatellite (SSRs) flanking regions
(Peakall et al. 1998; Oliveira et al. 2006). Transferability has been successful in
several genus (Lemes et al. 2007; Corbo Guidugli et al. 2009; Tarnowski 2010;
Soldati et al. 2014) and families (White and Powell 1997; Lemes et al. 2011; Soldati
et al. 2014) of tropical trees. It is a valuable and cost-effective tool to assess genetic
variability of important timber species and therefore to assist domestication, breeding, and conservation programs.
Then, the intra-genus transferability of 17 SSRs markers developed for Cordia
alliodora (Marulanda et al. 2011) was evaluated (Table 16.1). The success of
L. F. Fornes et al.
sleepers, rural carpentry, floors, opening frames, bodywork, naval constructions,
and outdoor use. In addition, its bark contains tannins suitable for tannery (Tortorelli
2009). Given its greater existence in NWA, its exploitation is more accentuated in
that region.
The three species considered in this chapter are currently under intense forest
harvesting in the Yungas’s piedmont, causing a deep impact on the natural forest. In
the Alto Paraná Rainforest, a similar situation is found due to the productive transformation of the territory, which promoted the shift of many populations and generated fragmented landscapes. In addition, at a local level, populations of the three
species would be facing specific threats that significantly affect the presence of seed
trees. These factors could include selective logging, fire, and livestock pressure,
among the most important (Ledesma 2014).
Due to the dynamics of land use change, the current fragmentation of the landscape, and the intense use of these species, domestication activities were initiated to
carry out appropriate management and conservation strategies, both in situ and ex
situ. Further details about the processes that gave rise to the current state of conservation of the Argentine subtropical forests in general can be found in the introduction to this section (Chap. 12).
16.2 Cordia trichotoma
16.2.1 Preliminary Molecular Analyses
Non-model species usually offer more difficulties for molecular characterization,
mainly due to the lack of genomic information or to the presence in the sample
material of unusual inhibitors that hinder, for example, obtaining a good DNA quality. Therefore, the first steps toward the analysis of the genetic variability of C. trichotoma were the adjustment of laboratory methodologies. Different protocols of
DNA extraction, as well as different conservation methods for leaf material, were
assessed. The selected DNA extraction protocol for the species was the traditional
CTAB DNA extraction of Hoisington et al. (1994) with modifications according to
Soldati et al. (2013), starting from fresh leaf material.
Cross-species amplification (transferability) among taxonomically related species is possible due to the homology of microsatellite (SSRs) flanking regions
(Peakall et al. 1998; Oliveira et al. 2006). Transferability has been successful in
several genus (Lemes et al. 2007; Corbo Guidugli et al. 2009; Tarnowski 2010;
Soldati et al. 2014) and families (White and Powell 1997; Lemes et al. 2011; Soldati
et al. 2014) of tropical trees. It is a valuable and cost-effective tool to assess genetic
variability of important timber species and therefore to assist domestication, breeding, and conservation programs.
Then, the intra-genus transferability of 17 SSRs markers developed for Cordia
alliodora (Marulanda et al. 2011) was evaluated (Table 16.1). The success of
L. F. Fornes et al.